<p>The Sabarmati river is one of the major west-flowing rivers in India. It originates in the Aravalli Range of the Udaipur District of Rajasthan and meets the Gulf of Cambay of Arabian Sea after travelling 371 km in a south-westerly direction across Rajasthan and Gujarat. 48 km of the river length is in Rajasthan, while 323 km is in Gujarat.</p><br>
<h2>Basin</h2><br>
<p>The Sabarmati basin has a maximum length of 300 km. and maximum width of 105 km. The total catchment area of the basin is 21674 km out of which, 4124 km lies in Rajasthan State and the remaining 18550 km in Gujarat.</p><br>
<p>Sabarmati river basin is situated in the mid-southern part of Rajasthan. To its east lie the Banas and Mahi Basins, to its north the Luni Basin and to its west the West Banas Basin. Its southern boundary is the border with Gujarat State. The Sabarmati river basin extends over parts of Udaipur, Sirohi, Pali and Dungarpur Districts. Orthographically, the western part of the Basin is marked by hilly terrain belonging to the Aravali Range. East of the hills lies a narrow alluvial plain with a gentle eastward slope.</p><br>
<p>The major tributaries are the Sei, Wakal, Watrak, Shedhi, Harnav, Guhai, Hathmati, Khari, Meshwo, Mazam and Mohar. Average annual water availability in the Sabarmati basin is 308 m/capita, which is significantly lower than the national average of 1545 m/capita.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The origin legend is that Shiva brought the goddess Ganga to Gujarat and that caused the Sabarmati to come into being.</p><br>
<p>The ancient name of sabarmati river is Bhogwa.</p><br>
<p>Ahmedabad and Gandhinagar, the commercial and political capitals of Gujarat respectively, were established on the banks of Sabarmati river. The legend is that Sultan Ahmed Shah of Gujarat, resting on the bank of Sabarmati, was inspired by the courage of a rabbit chasing a dog to the extent of establishing Ahmedabad in 1411. The soils of the Sabarmati area on the banks of the river are rich.</p><br>
<p>During India&#39;s independence struggle, Mahatma Gandhi established Sabarmati Ashram as his home on the banks of this river.</p><br>
<p>The National Water Quality Programme led by Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) positions Sabarmati River as one of the most polluted rivers in India.</p><br>
<h2>Sabarmati Riverfront</h2><br>
<h2>Dams</h2><br>
<p>There are several reservoirs on Sabarmati and its tributaries. The Dharoi dam is located on the main river. Hathmati dam, Harnav dam and Guhai dam are located on the tributaries meeting the main river upstream of Ahmedabad while Meshvo reservoir, Meshvo pick-up weir, Mazam dam and Watrak dam are located on tributaries meeting downstream. The Kalpasar is planned project in the Gulf of Khambhat.</p><br>
<h3>Dharoi Dam</h3><br>
<p>The area covering upper sub-basin and the catchment of the main river up to Dharoi dam is designated as Dharoi sub-basin. Constructed in 1978, Dharoi dam is located about 165 km upstream Ahmedabad in village Dharoi of Mehsana district. This covers drainage area of the main river up to Dharoi dam. Catchment area of the sub basin is 5540 km, out of which about 2,640 km lies in Gujarat state.</p><br>
<p>The Royal Gorge Bridge is a tourist attraction near Cañon City, Colorado within Royal Gorge Bridge & Park, a 360 acre amusement park located along the edge of the Royal Gorge around both ends of the bridge. The bridge crosses the gorge 955 ft and held the record of highest bridge in the world from 1929 until 2001 when it was surpassed by the Liuguanghe Bridge in China. The Royal Gorge Bridge maintained the title of the world&#39;s highest suspension bridge until the Beipan River Guanxing Highway Bridge was completed in 2003, also in China. The bridge remains the highest bridge in the United States and was among the ten highest bridges in the world until 2012.</p><br>
<p>The main span of the bridge between the towers is 880 ft, the total length is 1,260 ft, the width is 18 ft and the towers are 150 ft high. The steel base structure is covered with 1292 wooden planks. Passenger vehicles are allowed to cross the bridge but only before park attractions open or after they close, times depending on season. Oversize vehicles including large trucks, RVs and buses are not permitted to cross.</p><br>
<p>The bridge was built in six months between June and November 1929 at a cost of $350,000. In 1931, the Incline Railway, or simply the Incline (also known as a funicular), was added beside the bridge to reach the bottom of the gorge. In the 1950s, a miniature railroad was built by the edge of the gorge and an aerial tram was opened in 1969. In the early 1980s, the bridge was renovated with new cable anchors, suspension rods and paint. A Skycoaster attraction was added in 2003 with riders being swung out over the edge of the gorge.</p><br>
<p>In June 2013, a wildfire destroyed most of the park&#39;s buildings and the aerial tram, and damaged the Incline. The bridge sustained only slight damage to the wooden deck and was otherwise unharmed, along with the Skycoaster. The park was rebuilt and partially reopened in August 2014. The park had a grand reopening in May 2015 with new gondolas and a new zip-line crossing the gorge on the east side of the bridge.</p><br>
<h2>Construction and location</h2><br>
<p>Construction began on June 5, 1929 and ended in November 1929. The bridge cost $350,000 and was constructed as a tourist attraction, not as a through route for transportation purposes. The road leading to the bridge from USA Route 50 continues on the south side of the gorge eventually re-connecting with Route 50; however, all visitors are required to enter and exit through the north park gate. The road on the south rim is blocked shortly beyond the bridge and all traffic must turn around.</p><br>
<p>The road leading to and across the bridge from Route 50 is designated as Fremont County Road 3A and begins about 10 mi west of Cañon City. The Royal Gorge Route Railroad runs under the bridge along the base of Royal Gorge.</p><br>
<h2>Highest bridges</h2><br>
<p>The Royal Gorge Bridge surpassed the Sidi MCid Bridge in 1929 to become the highest bridge in the world with a deck height of 955 ft, measured from the deck to the river surface below. The Liuguanghe Bridge in China surpassed the Royal Gorge Bridge in 2001 to become the new highest bridge with a deck height of 974 ft. The Royal Gorge Bridge surrendered the title of the worlds highest suspension bridge when the Beipan River Guanxing Highway Bridge in China was completed in 2003 with a deck height of 1,200 ft. Several more even higher bridges, mostly in China, have been completed since 2003 causing the Royal Gorge Bridge to drop out of the top ten highest bridges in the world. The Royal Gorge Bridge remains the highest bridge in the United States and among the top twenty highest bridges in the world; however, several additional very high bridges are scheduled for completion through 2021. If all the planned bridges are completed, they will move the Royal Gorge Bridge out of the top twenty places in the rankings.</p><br>
<p>Since late 2016, the highest bridge is Chinas Beipanjiang Bridge Duge which has a cable-stayed span with a deck height of 1,854 ft. The current highest suspension bridge is Chinas Sidu River Bridge opened in 2009 with a deck height of 1,627 ft.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>19291950s</h3><br>
<p>The bridge was built between June and November 1929 at a cost of $350,000 which was $100,000 over budget. Adjusting for inflation, the cost to rebuild in the 2010s would be over $20 million. The project was financed by Lon P. Piper, president of the Royal Gorge Bridge and Amusement Company of San Antonio, Texas. Piper hired George E. Cole as the Chief Engineer and the bridge was completed in about six months with no deaths or serious injuries. The formal opening occurred on December 8, 1929. Piper agreed to a twentyyear lease of the gorge and surrounding land which is owned by Cañon City, paying a $1000 yearly fee to the city with a reduced fee of $500 in some years of hardship.</p><br>
<p>In June 1931, the narrow gauge incline railway was built to the bottom of the gorge through a narrow cleft just west of the north end of the bridge. In August 1931, the first suicide occurred when a man from Pueblo, Colorado jumped off the bridge. In 1937, a lighting system was installed to illuminate the bridge and the gorge walls.</p><br>
<p>In 1947, after struggling for many years through the Great Depression and World War II, Piper sold the bridge and leasing rights to a group of local Colorado businessmen and Clint Murchison, a Texan who made a fortune in oil, gas, and real estate. A longtime employee of the park stated that Murchison, who died in 1969, never visited the bridge he had bought even after he became the sole owner.</p><br>
<p>In the 1950s, a lodge was built by the gorge and the Silver Rock Railway narrow gauge train with a Chance Rides miniature C.P. Huntington locomotive began running along the edge of the gorge near the bridge. In 1956, Murchison and his Royal Gorge Bridge Company based in Dallas agreed to pay the city a percentage of its revenue instead of the $1000 yearly fee for the lease. The percentage arrangement has proven very favorable for the city in the ensuing years which has allowed it to lower property taxes significantly. The property tax rate has since become the lowest in Colorado.</p><br>
<h3>1960s1990s</h3><br>
<p>In 1967, an open bid was held for the leasing rights with several companies expressing interest in the acquisition. The bid was won by Murchison&#39;s company which signed another twentyyear contract with the city. The aerial tram was opened in 1969, crossing the gorge just east of the bridge. Also in 1969, following the death of Murchison, his sonsJohn and Clint, Jr.inherited the bridge and lease.</p><br>
<p>In 1979, Lucille Murchisonthe wife of John Murchisoninherited the bridge and lease after her husband&#39;s death.</p><br>
<p>The bridge and the incline railway were listed in the National Register of Historic Places on September 2, 1983. The official government registration papers indicate that the city of Cañon City had become the owner of the bridge and incline railway at some point since the 1940s, besides owning the land which they leased to the Royal Gorge Bridge Company.</p><br>
<p>The bridge underwent significant renovations from 1980–84. New cable anchors and suspension rods were installed and the bridge was re-painted. The cost of the renovations was over $2.8 million which is more than the original purchase price when adjusted for inflation up until the 1980s.</p><br>
<p>In 1984, Leisure and Recreational Concepts, a Dallasbased company, was hired by Murchison to oversee operations at Royal Gorge Bridge and Park.</p><br>
<p>In July 1998, William Fehr, the owner of a gravel business based in Parkdale at the entrance to the gorge, purchased the rail lines through the gorge. The sale came after the Southern Pacific and the Union Pacific had merged in 1996 and decided to run their trains on better tracks through northern Colorado. As a part of the purchase, and unbeknownst to Fehr at the time, the sale included the "air rights" above the tracks through the gorge, including the space occupied by the Royal Gorge Bridge. An air rights fee had been negotiated with the railroad companies for $200 per year since 1929, plus another $200 per year for the space occupied by the base of the incline railway. In January 1999, Fehr placed a bid to purchase the entire concession from the city since the operating company&#39;s lease was due to expire in 2001. When the bid was declined without consideration, Fehr decided to increase the fee for the air rights to $750,000 a year. The city began investigating legal procedures to possibly condemn the air rights. Eventually, the city and Fehr agreed on permanent easements that cost the city a onetime fee of $99,000.</p><br>
<h3>21st century</h3><br>
<p>The Royal Rush Skycoaster was opened on the south side of the gorge in 2003 just east of the bridge.</p><br>
<p>In October 2003, while performing a proximity demonstration, wingsuiter Dwain Weston was killed attempting to fly over the bridge. Weston was wearing a wingsuit, a skydiving suit with fabric extended below the arms to the body and between the legs to catch air allowing for horizontal travel when skydiving. He was to go over the bridge while fellow skydiver Jeb Corliss was to go under it. Misjudging his distance from the bridge, Weston struck a railing while traveling an estimated 120 mph, severing his leg at the hip. He fell onto a ledge in the gorge under a parachute that had opened on impact, though it is assumed he had already died.</p><br>
<p>Between March and May 2012, three people committed suicide by jumping off the bridge. The average number of suicides in the previous twelve years had been one per year according to the general manager for the Royal Gorge Bridge and Park. As a result of the larger than normal costs incurred in retrieving the bodies, Cañon City was billed by the Royal Gorge Express LLCowners of the railroad that runs below the bridgefor $5,025 for use of specialized equipment and qualified personnel in the recoveries. The three suicides occurred on March 6, March 14, and May 8. The third incident required four trips into the gorge with the body being found a week later by river rafters.</p><br>
<h2>2013 wildfire</h2><br>
<p>On June 11, 2013, most of the park structures on both sides of the gorge were devastated by a man-made wildfire. The fire jumped from the south to the north side of the gorge just west of the bridge and burned 3,218 acres, of which 2,156 acres was park property, over the next four days until it was contained. Rebuilding began about a week after the fire and demolition of all damaged structures took about five months. The new visitor center&#39;s groundbreaking ceremony was on January 31, 2014.</p><br>
<h2>Park reopening</h2><br>
<p>The Royal Gorge Bridge and Park reopened on August 30, 2014. A grand reopening ceremony took place on May 8, 2015 after the completion of $30 million in repairs. The rebuilding plan did not include the wildlife park and those animals were relocated. Attractions that have been refurbished or rebuilt since the fire include a visitor center with an observation deck, a water clock, gondolas to replace the aerial trams, Plaza Theater and Historical Expo, Children&#39;s Playland, and the original Royal Rush Skycoaster. The Cloudscraper Zip Linethe highest in North Americaopened on March 28, 2015. The damaged Incline Railway and the Silver Rock Railway are not listed among current rides and attractions.</p><br>
<p>In January 2016, the Royal Gorge Company of Colorado paid the city a record high $2.1 million lease payment. Attendance in 2015 was the highest in the parks history at nearly 350,000 visitors. The attendance figure represented an increase of 20% from the attendance of about 292,000 in 2012, the last full year of operations before the 2013 fire. For the 2013 season the city was paid $1.68 million by the parks operating company, mostly from business continuation insurance. Park officials estimated after the fire that more than 26 million people had visited the park since it opened in 1929.</p><br>
<p>Biliran is an solfataric active volcano located in the island province of Biliran in the Philippines. The volcano caused the formation of the island.</p><br>
<h2>Geological features</h2><br>
<p>Rock Type: Hornblende andesite containing greenish and black hornblende</p><br>
<p>Tectonic Setting: Biliran Volcano is part of the curvilinear belt of Quaternary volcanoes in eastern Philippines, parallel to Phil. Trench to the east</p><br>
<h3>Volcanic activity</h3><br>
<p>Number of Historical Eruptions: 1</p><br>
<p>Latest Eruption/Activity: September 26, 1939</p><br>
<p>Site: crater</p><br>
<p>Eruption Character: Debris avalanche</p><br>
<p>Affected Areas/Remarks: Ashfall at Caibiran and adjoining areas (6.35 cm thick deposits)</p><br>
<p>Monitoring activity: Short-term monitoring in 1954</p><br>
<h3>Physical features</h3><br>
<p>Hotsprings:</p><br>
<p>#Central Biliran - Libtong Thermal Areas (12 hot springs and one bubbling pool)</p><br>
<p>#North Biliran - Panamao Thermal Area</p><br>
<p>#Anas Thermal Area</p><br>
<p>#South Biliran - Kalambis Thermal Area</p><br>
<p>Adjacent Volcanic Edifice:</p><br>
<p>#Panamao (107 m asl)</p><br>
<p>#Gumansan (1064 m asl)</p><br>
<p>#Lauan (1187 m asl)</p><br>
<p>#Suiro (1301 m asl)</p><br>
<p>Bud Dajo , is the highest point in the province of Sulu, Philippines. it is one of the cinder cones that make up the island of Jolo and part of the Jolo Volcanic Group in the Republic of the Philippines. The extinct volcano is located 8 km southeast from the town of Jolo in Sulu province. The mountain and adjacent lands were declared as Mount Dajo National Park in 1938.</p><br>
<h2>Physical features</h2><br>
<p>The cinder cone has an elevation of 620 m with a base diameter of 9.5 km. On the summit of the mountain is 0.5 km crater that is breached to the southwest. The other volcanic edifices adjacent to Bud Dajo are: Matanding, located northeast of the Bud Dajo with an elevation of 400 m asl; Guimba, east and elevation of 482 m asl; and Sungal, southeast which is 518 m asl.</p><br>
<h2>Geology</h2><br>
<p>The basaltic volcanic cone is part of Zamboanga-Sulu volcanic arc.</p><br>
<h2>Eruptions falsely attributed to the mountain</h2><br>
<h3>1641</h3><br>
<p>Two volcanoes falsely attributed to the eruption on January 4, 1641 which engulfed southern Philippines in darkness. Further studies later found the eruption to have come from Parker Volcano in Cotabato province.</p><br>
<h3>1897</h3><br>
<p>The earthquake and subsequent tsunami on September 21, 1897 that devastated the Southern Philippines was believed to be from a submarine eruption therefore excludes Bud Dajo.</p><br>
<h2>PHIVOLCS monitoring activity</h2><br>
<p>A short-term monitoring (seismic and visuals) surveys were conducted by the Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology in 1993 and in 1997 on the mountain. No unusual activities were observed within the vicinity of the volcano.</p><br>
<h2>Mount Dajo National Park</h2><br>
<p>The mountain and surrounding areas were declared as a national park by Proclamation No. 261 on February 28, 1938 encompassing 213 hectare of land. Recent reports have shown that the mountain is very deforested with few remaining forest cover usually on the steep ridges. The game refuge is not currently listed as a protected area under the National Integrated Protected Areas System (NIPAS) of the Department of Environment and Natural Resources (Philippines).</p><br>
<h3>Fauna</h3><br>
<p>Some vulnerable and endangered species, not necessarily endemic to the area, but can be found within the Mount Dajo National Park are (from BirdLife International):</p><br>
<p>Grey imperial pigeon (Ducula pickeringii), Vulnerable</p><br>
<p>Philippine cockatoo or the red-vented cockatoo (Cacatua haematuropygia), Critically endangered</p><br>
<p>Sulu hornbill (Anthracoceros montani), Critically endangered</p><br>
<p>Sulu woodpecker Dendrocopos ramsayi, Vulnerable</p><br>
<p>Winchell&#39;s kingfisher or rufous-lored kingfisher (Todiramphus winchelli), Vulnerable</p><br>
<h2>Historical relevance</h2><br>
<p>The mountain was the site of the First Battle of Bud Dajo during the Moro Rebellion of the Philippine-American War in 1906, which culminated in the Moro Crater Massacre, the killing of over 600 villagers(mostly civilians) hiding on the crater of Bud Dajo. The five-day Second Battle of Bud Dajo in 1911 ended with less casualties through negotiations, persuading the majority to return home.</p><br>
<p>Lake Cushman is a 4,010 acre lake and reservoir on the north fork of the Skokomish River in Mason County, Washington. The lake originally was a long narrow broadening of the Skokomish River formed in a glacial trough and dammed by a terminal moraine from the last ice age, during the Vashon stade.</p><br>
<p>The lake was expanded after construction of the Cushman Dam No. 1. The lake is maintained by this dam and provides electrical power to the Tacoma Power system.</p><br>
<p>As a popular retreat for hiking, fishing, boating and kayaking, Lake Cushman&#39;s shoreline is dotted with resorts and rental cabins. The lake is notable for its beautiful crystal clear blue water and the huge round rocks surrounding it, as well as thick stands of hemlock, fir and cedar trees.</p><br>
<p>Lake Cushman was named in honor of Orrington Cushman, who served as interpreter for Governor Isaac Stevens during the Treaty of Point Elliott negotiations with Puget Sound Indians in 1854.</p><br>
<p>There is also a town near Lake Cushman known as Lake Cushman, Washington, or simply Cushman, Washington. Still unincorporated, it is the fastest-growing community in Mason County.</p><br>
<p>Cushman Dam No. 1 is a hydroelectric dam on the North Fork of the Skokomish River in Mason County, Washington, which impounded and enlarged the formerly natural Lake Cushman. It was built by Tacoma City Light  in 1924-1926. Tacoma&#39;s demand for electricity grew rapidly after World War I. Tacoma City Light’s Nisqually River Hydroelectric Project, built in 1912, could not meet the demand and the utility decided to build a new hydroelectric project on the North Fork Skokomish River. The dam and powerhouse first began to deliver electricity on February 12, 1926.</p><br>
<p>It has a concrete arch design and includes 90,000 cubic yards (69,000 m³) of concrete, covering a whole 6,244 feet (1903 m) of water. Two 21,600 kilowatt generators provide 127 million kilowatt-hours annually to the Tacoma Power system.</p><br>
<p>Construction began on July 7, 1924, under the commissioner Ira S. Davidsson (1918–1940). It has a top width of eight feet (2.4 m) and a base width of 50 feet (15 m), at 275 feet (84 m) high and 1,111 feet (339 m) long. The transmission of electricity to Tacoma, over lines crossing Tacoma Narrows, was activated, or "formally energized", on March 23, 1926, with the push of a button by President Calvin Coolidge in a ceremony at the White House.</p><br>
<p>A second, smaller dam, Cushman Dam No. 2, 3.2 kilometers (2 miles) downstream of Dam No. 1, was completed by December 1930.</p><br>
<p>Toronto Harbour or Toronto Bay is a bay on the north shore of Lake Ontario, in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. It is a natural harbour, protected from Lake Ontario waves by the Toronto Islands. Today, the harbour is used primarily for recreational boating, including personal vessels and pleasure boats providing scenic or party cruises. Ferries travel from docks on the mainland to the Islands, and cargo ships deliver aggregates and raw sugar to industries located in the harbour. Historically, the harbour has been used for military vessels, passenger traffic and cargo traffic. Waterfront uses include residential, recreational, cultural, commercial and industrial sites.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>There are two harbours: the original natural harbour, today named the "Inner Harbour", and the "Outer Harbour". Access into the Inner Harbour is made via either the Western Gap or Eastern Gap. The Don River drains into the Inner Harbour from the north-east, through the Keating Channel.</p><br>
<p>The Inner Harbour is used by pleasure boats and commercial vessels. The Ports Toronto agency maintains the harbour and operates port facilities and a passenger ship dock on the eastern shore. The north shore has a mixed range of uses including Harbourfront, a conversion from industrial land to recreational and cultural uses. Harbourfront has parks, hotels, an amphitheatre, and many other facilities. The north shore retains one port-related industrial use, the Redpath Sugar Refinery, while most of the lands have been converted to other uses. The Jack Layton Ferry Terminal is located at the foot of Bay Street and pleasure and party cruise boats dock along the shore to the west of York Street. The Toronto Islands are mostly parkland and are the site of several boat clubs, an amusement park, an airport, and a small residential area.</p><br>
<p>The Western Gap is a 120 m wide channel allowing western access to the Inner Harbour. The gap is deep enough (over 31 metres) to allow large ships (like lake freighters) to enter and exit into the Inner Harbour. The Billy Bishop Toronto City Airport is located on the south side of the channel and is accessed by ferry and tunnel. Before the island airport was built, the waterway was wide with a shallow sandy shoal surrounding what became Hanlan&#39;s Point. The channel was dredged and the sands deposited to form the airport lands.</p><br>
<p>The Eastern Gap is an approximately 200 m wide passage between Ward&#39;s Island and the western edge of the Port Lands and used by most freighters to enter into the inner harbour and port facilities. The gap was first formed from 1852 to 1858 when storms caused a break in the sandy spit that connected the area with the mainland. Prior to the 1800s, small boat users had to use a portage on the western end of the sandy spit peninsula (thus requiring them to travel a short distance on land) from Lake Ontario to the inner harbour. After 1858, the Harbour Trust made the temporary channel into a permanent waterway.</p><br>
<h3>Outer Harbour</h3><br>
<p>Toronto also has a second harbour, called the Outer Harbour (Toronto Harbour is sometimes called the Inner Harbour). The City of Torontos Cherry Beach Clarke Beach Park, located on the north side of the Outer Harbour, is popular in summer. It typically meets high water quality, environmental and safety standards. A proposed 37 kilometer Lake Ontario Park by Waterfront Toronto would pass through the Outer Harbour. The City of Toronto operates a marina in east end of the Harbour. Eight community water-sport clubs, forming the independent Outer Harbour Sailing Federation, share a small strip east of Cherry Beach Clarke Beach Park. The clubs are: Hanlans Boat Club, Mooredale Sailing Club, Outer Harbour Centreboard Club, Saint James Town Sailing Club, Toronto Multihull Cruising Club, Toronto Windsurfing Club, Water Rats Sailing Club, and Westwood Sailing Club.</p><br>
<p>The harbour was developed in the 1950s and 1960s by the Toronto Harbour Commission through the construction of a new breakwater called the Outer Harbour East Headland. At that time, it was expected that there would be a great upswing in the number of ships calling at Toronto once the Saint Lawrence Seaway opened. However, the need for an extra harbour never materialised, and private boats are the only traffic usually found there now.</p><br>
<h3>Port</h3><br>
<p>Today, port facilities are limited to the eastern shore of the harbour, with the exception of the Redpath Sugar Refinery at the foot of Jarvis Street. The tonnage of cargo passing through the port is made up mostly of sugar to Redpath and aggregate materials (cement, stone), salt delivered to facilities on the eastern shore of the harbour.</p><br>
<p>In 2007, the port handled 1.6 million tonnes of traffic, a 0.3% share of national port traffic, 16th out of 19 Canada Port Authority ports by traffic.</p><br>
<p>In 2006, Transport Canada ranked Toronto 39th out of 313 ports in all of Canada in total tonnage shipped.</p><br>
<p>Statistics Canada ranks the port 15th in shipping activity in Ontario.</p><br>
<h3>Geology</h3><br>
<p>The makeup of the soil between the mainland and the island varies:</p><br>
<p>Stone near the Western Gap</p><br>
<p>Mud near the north shore, mouth of the Don River</p><br>
<p>Sand near the airport, the western parts of the island&#39;s north shore, and parts in the Outer Harbour</p><br>
<p>Clay near the centre of the harbour</p><br>
<h3>Gaasyendietha</h3><br>
<p>Gaasyendietha is Toronto&#39;s legendary Loch Ness Monster and it is sometimes spotted in Lake Ontario and even within the Toronto Harbour. The story of Gaasyendietha is a Native Canadian myth from the Seneca tribe.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The original shoreline of the northern shore were low sandy bluffs, just south of todays Front Street. The mouth of the harbour pointed west. Fort York, on the north shore of the bay, near the mouth of Garrison Creek, guarded the harbours mouth. It was briefly captured by American forces during the War of 1812.</p><br>
<p>The islands used to be a low sandy peninsula forming the southern limit of the bay. The Scarborough Bluffs are much larger bluffs that lie approximately ten kilometres east of the harbour. Strong lake currents over time washed the sand eroded from the bluffs westwards to form the peninsula surrounding the bay.</p><br>
<p>The peninsula became the Toronto Islands through the result of two storms and man-made activity. In 1852, a storm created a channel through the eastern edge of the peninsula that formed the south edge of the bay. The storm washed through excavations made for sand for local construction. In 1858, another storm widened the channel and made it permanent.</p><br>
<p>The eastern shore of the bay, approximately six kilometres east, was a marsh around the mouth of the Don River. In addition to the Don River, a number of smaller creeks flowed into the bay. The original site of the town of York had half a dozen short creeks that flowed through it. As the town developed they all became polluted and were buried. As the city grew the larger creeks, including Russell Creek, Taddle Creek and Garrison Creek, were also filled in.</p><br>
<h3>Development</h3><br>
<p>The town of York was established in 1793 in a ten-block rectangle bounded by the present Front Street, Berkeley, Duke(now Adelaide) and George Street alongside Taddle Creek. A government wharf was built to handle the transfer of ships&#39; cargoes. A garrison at the entrance to the harbour, at the mouth of Garrison Creek, was established to guard the harbour along with a blockhouse on the island. In 1801, York became an official port-of-entry for immigrants and cargo. In 1808, the Gibraltar Point lighthouse was built on the island to guide ships.</p><br>
<p>In the early 19th century, cargoes destined for York would be transferred at Montreal to smaller boats such as Durham boats and batteaux to traverse the rapids of the St. Lawrence River. In 1825, the Lachine Canal was built to bypass the Lachine Rapids. Some of the boats used for cargo were now being built at Toronto Bay. Although not fully established by the War of 1812, the British colonial army was determined to set up boat-building for defence at York. An armed schooner was under construction when the Americans attacked and the British burned the hull rather than surrender it. The invaders looted the town and destroyed military facilities.</p><br>
<p>By the time of the establishment of the Town of Toronto, three large wharves existed for shipping, Kings Wharf at Peter Street, Coopers Wharf at Church Street and Merchants Wharf at Caroline Street (todays Sherbourne Street). The new Queens Wharf, at the foot of Bathurst Street, was constructed in two stages, eventually reaching 244 ft in length. Commissioned by the Province of Upper Canada, it cost £4,500. The first harbourmaster of Toronto, Hugh Richardson, was named in 1833. Richardson held the position until 1870. While the Queens Wharf no longer exists, the Queens Wharf Lighthouse still exists, eventually moved to a location off todays Lake Shore Boulevard in 1929. In 1849, the Harbour Trust was formed to manage the port and the Queen&#39;s Wharf.</p><br>
<p>In 1832, the Gooderham and Worts Distillery went into operation, using a windmill on the waterfront, near the Don River, to provide power. The Distillery had been conceived as a plant to make flour, but the distillery business was much more popular. By 1837, the mill was producing more than 28,000 gal of whiskey annually.</p><br>
<p>By 1840, the waterfront was completely taken over by government and merchant wharves. The Esplanade, a 100 ft-wide road, was proposed, just south of Front Street, with new water lots made from cribbing and filling of the shore to the south. The waterfront was extended to a survey line from the point of the Gooderham windmill west to a point due east of the old Fort Rouille. Ostensibly for carriages and carts, the roadway eventually became primarily the route for rail lines in the central core. In exchange for 40 ft of the Esplanade, the railways underwrote the infilling of the harbour. The Esplanade and infill project was complete by 1865. A section of The Esplanade from Yonge Street to Berkeley Street still exists as a roadway. The rail lines moved to a viaduct in the 20th century.</p><br>
<p>The first rail line to the harbour was the Ontario, Simcoe and Huron Railroad in 1853. The next rail line was the Grand Trunk, which underwrote the Esplanade project in exchange for an easement to enter the City. The Canadian Pacific Railway arrived in 1886, through the purchase of the Credit Valley Railway. Most of the area along the shoreline was connected to the railways. Manufacturers of products such as soap received raw materials via boat, produced the product at their location on the harbour, and distributed it via rail.</p><br>
<p>As well as cargo, the harbour also became a major passenger waypoint. By the 1880s, the harbour was handling 1,250,000 passengers annually through passenger steamship docks at the foot of Yonge Street. Passenger boats operated on Lake Ontario and the St. Lawrence River. Excursions to Niagara also departed from the Yonge Street docks.</p><br>
<p>The western channels depth was found to be too shallow by 1906 when the steam barge Resolute sank outside the harbour during a storm. The barge was unable to shelter in the harbour. The Queens Wharf area was rebuilt during the years of 1908 to 1911 by the federal government. A new western channel was dug 1,300 ft to the south of the existing one. The existing channel could not be dredged to a lower depth as it was solid rock. The Queen&#39;s Wharf site became the eventual site of the Loblaws warehouse at the intersection of Bathurst Street and Fleet Street.</p><br>
<p>The 1910 Toronto Board of Trade proposal for the Ashbridge&#39;s Bay was for an industrial district for industrial offices and sites served by railway lines, public warehouses alongside docking facilities south of Keating Channel to the Eastern Gap and parkland/recreational strip at the south end.</p><br>
<p>In 1911, the Toronto Harbour Commission was created. The lands of the waterfront that were owned by the City of Toronto were transferred to the Commission to administer. In 1912, the commission delivered its first plan for the harbour and the waterfront from the Humber River in the west, to Woodbine Avenue to the east. The Commission dredged the harbour to a depth of 24 ft to match the new Welland Canal.</p><br>
<p>As the city of Toronto grew the northern shore of the bay was further altered by landfill, and has been moved approximately 500 metres south. After the Esplanade landfill, the second landfill project extended the shoreline south of todays Queens Quay to the west of Yonge Street. The final infill on the north shore was in the 1950s, from Yonge Street east to the Don River, providing room for the Redpath Sugar Refinery, the Victory Soy Mills and several marine terminals.</p><br>
<p>In the 1920s, most of the low-lying marsh of Ashbridges Bay was filled in to create Torontos inner harbour area (with the small section to the east and the shipping channel the only reminder of the body of water). In the 1930s, the waters of Hanlan&#39;s Bay on the western point of the islands were infilled to create the Toronto Island Airport.</p><br>
<p>By the time that the plans to build the St. Lawrence Seaway were announced, commercial usage of the harbour was already in decline. The previous infill on the eastern side created in the 1920s was used to build modern port facilities. In the 1970s, the northern shore was in decline and there was a new political initiative to rebuild the waterfront without industry in a manner seen in other cities. The Harbourfront project expropriated the lands west of York Street. Several facilities were renovated, such as the Terminal Warehouse, and others were demolished, creating space for recreational and cultural uses. The area around Yonge Street remained in private possession and a hotel and condominiums were built on the shoreline. The area east of Yonge Street remained in light industrial use under public possession. On the north side of the harbour, there are a few buildings left from the industrial period. Some are in use, such as the Redpath Sugar Refinery. Others have been demolished or are slated for demolition, including grain storage elevators at the east and west end of the harbours.</p><br>
<p>Starting in 1972, the Government of Canada spent $10 million to dredge and widen the Eastern Gap, making it the primary entrance to the harbour for commercial boats. The 10 billion cubic yards of material was used to build the aquatic park on the Outer Harbour headland.</p><br>
<p>The original area of the harbour in 1834 was estimated to be about 2,150 acre. With infilling, the area has declined to an area of 1,210 acre in size.</p><br>
<h3>Rochester ferry service</h3><br>
<p>In June 2004, the company Canadian American Transportation Systems (CATS) began regular passenger/vehicle ferry service between Pier 52 and Rochester, New York using the vessel Spirit of Ontario I. The service used a marketing name called "The Breeze". While Rochester had a custom-built ferry terminal, the Toronto terminal was a temporary facility, near the end of Cherry Street for security and customs screening facilities while a permanent marine passenger terminal was still under consideration for construction. CATS discontinued the service after only 11 weeks; among the problems cited was the absence of a permanent marine passenger terminal in Toronto and little Canadian interest in the service. The vessel was sold in a bankruptcy sale in February 2005 to Rochester Ferry Company LLC, a subsidiary of the City of Rochester. In April 2005, Rochester Ferry Company LLC announced that the Rochester-Toronto ferry service using Spirit of Ontario I would return, operated by Bay Ferries Great Lakes Limited and using the marketing name The Cat. The Toronto Port Authority officially opened the International Marine Passenger Terminal on June 27, 2005, three days before ferry service resumed. Even with impressive passenger numbers by the winter of 2006 the ferry service lost funding from the City of Rochester and announced that it would no longer be in business. The terminal building was later used for filming the CBC crime drama The Border.</p><br>
<h2>Wharves and piers</h2><br>
<p>Wharves existed along Toronto&#39;s waterfront in the 19th century, but they have since been replaced by quays. Most of the former wharves disappeared when the waterfront was filled in along with the now "missing" creeks of Toronto.</p><br>
<p>A list of former wharves along the central waterfront:</p><br>
<p>Allans/Merchants Wharf – Frederick Street</p><br>
<p>Commissariat Wharf – Peter Street</p><br>
<p>Conner&#39;s Wharf – York Street</p><br>
<p>Coopers/Feighans/Maitland&#39;s Wharf – Church Street</p><br>
<p>Dufferin Street Wharf</p><br>
<p>Gooderham&#39;s Wharf and Elevator – Don River</p><br>
<p>Hamilton Wharf – Church Street</p><br>
<p>Higginbotham&#39;s Wharf – Yonge Street</p><br>
<p>Hogarty and Grussett Wharf and Elevator – Simcoe Street</p><br>
<p>Manson&#39;s Wharf – Market Street</p><br>
<p>Millous Wharf – Yonge Street</p><br>
<p>King&#39;s/Navy Wharf – between John and Peter Streets</p><br>
<p>Northern Railway Wharf and Elevator – Portland Street</p><br>
<p>Queen&#39;s Wharf – Bathurst Street</p><br>
<p>Sylvester Brothers and Hickman&#39;s Wharf – Church Street</p><br>
<p>Taylor&#39;s Wharf – George Street</p><br>
<p>Tinning&#39;s Wharf – York Street</p><br>
<p>Toronto and Northern Railway Wharf – Berkeley Street</p><br>
<p>Walsh and Love&#39;s Wharf – Simcoe Street</p><br>
<p>A list of current quays/slips along the waterfront:</p><br>
<p>Bathurst Quay</p><br>
<p>Maple Leaf Quay</p><br>
<p>John Quay</p><br>
<p>York Quay</p><br>
<p>Queen&#39;s Quay</p><br>
<p>Yonge Quay</p><br>
<p>Rees St. Slip</p><br>
<p>Simcoe St. Slip</p><br>
<h2>Ships of Toronto Harbour</h2><br>
<p>Vessels found or associated with Toronto Harbour include:</p><br>
<p>Pontic Olbia  or simply Olbia is an archaeological site of an ancient Greek city on the shore of the Southern Bug estuary  in Ukraine, near village of Parutyne. The archaeological site is protected as the National Historic and Archaeological Preserve. The preserve is a research and science institute of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine.</p><br>
<p>The Hellenic city was founded in the 7th century BC by colonists from Miletus. Its harbour was one of the main emporia on the Black Sea for the export of cereals, fish, and slaves to Greece, and for the import of Attic goods to Scythia.</p><br>
<h2>Layout</h2><br>
<p>The site of the Greek colony covers the area of fifty hectares and its fortifications form an isosceles triangle about a mile long and half a mile wide. The region was also the site of several villages (modern Victorovka and Dneprovskoe) which may have been settled by Greeks.</p><br>
<p>As for the town itself, the lower town (now largerly submerged by the Bug river) was occupied chiefly by the dockyards and the houses of artisans. The upper town was a main residential quarter, composed of square blocks and centered on the agora. The town was ringed by a defensive stone wall with towers. The upper town was also the site of the first settlement on the site in the archaic period. There is evidence that the town itself was laid out over a grid plan from the 6th century - one of the first after the town of Smyrna.</p><br>
<p>By the later period of settlement, the city also included an acropolis and, from the 6th century BCE, a religious sanctuary. In the early 5th century, a temple to Apollo Delphinios was also built on the site.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>Archaic and Classical periods</h3><br>
<p>The Greek colony was highly important commercially and endured for a millennium. The first evidence of Greek settlement at the site comes from Berezan Island where pottery has been found dating from the late 7th century. The name in Greek means "happy" or "rich". It is possible that it had been the site of an earlier native settlement and may even have been a peninsula rather than an island in antiquity. It is now thought that the town of Berezan survived until the 5th century BCE when it was possibly absorbed into the growing Olbian settlement on the mainland.</p><br>
<p>During the 5th century BCE, the colony was visited by Herodotus, who provides our best description of the city and its inhabitants from antiquity.</p><br>
<p>It produced distinctive cast bronze money during the 5th century BCE in both the form of circular tokens with Gorgon heads and unique in the shape of leaping dolphins. These are unusual considering the struck, round coins common in the Greek world. This form of money is said to have originated from sacrificial tokens used in the Temple of Apollo Delphinios.</p><br>
<p>Martin Litchfield West speculates that early Greek religion, especially the Orphic Mysteries, was heavily influenced by Central Asian shamanistic practices. A significant amount of Orphic graffiti unearthed in Olbia seems to testify that the colony was one major point of contact.</p><br>
<h3>Hellenistic and Roman periods</h3><br>
<p>After the town adopted a democratic constitution, its relations with Miletus were regulated by a treaty, which allowed both states to coordinate their operations against Alexander the Greats general Zopyrion in the 4th century BCE. By the end of the 3rd century, the town declined economically and accepted the overlordship of King Skilurus of Scythia. It flourished under Mithridates Eupator but was sacked by the Getae under Burebista, a catastrophe which brought Olbias economic prominence to an abrupt end.</p><br>
<p>Having lost two-thirds of its settled area, Olbia was restored by the Romans, albeit on a small scale and probably with a largely barbarian population. Dio of Prusa visited the town and described it in his Borysthenic Discourse (the town was often called Borysthenes, after the river).</p><br>
<p>The settlement, incorporated into the Roman province of Lower Moesia, was eventually abandoned in the 4th century CE, when it was burnt at least twice in the course of the so-called Gothic (or Scythian) wars.</p><br>
<h2>Excavation</h2><br>
<p>The site of Olbia, designated an archaeological reservation, is situated near the village of Parutino in the district of Ochakiv. Before 1902, the site was owned by the Counts Musin-Pushkins, who did not allow any excavations on their estate. Professional excavations were conducted under Boris Farmakovsky from 1901 to 1915 and from 1924 to 1926. As the site was never reoccupied, archaeological finds (particularly inscriptions and sculpture) proved rich. Today archaeologists are under pressure to explore the site, which is being eroded by the Black Sea. At 2016 started in Olbia excavations of the Polish Archaeological Mission "Olbia" of the National Museum in Warsaw headed by Alfred Twardecki. Many of the more notable finds from the period are visible in the Hermitage Museum in Saint Petersburg, Russia.</p><br>
<p>Notable finds from the town include an archaic Greek house in a good state of preservation from the area of the later acropolis and a private letter (written on a lead tablet) dating to around 500 BCE, complaining about an attempt to claim a slave.</p><br>
<p>Pico da Neblina  is the highest mountain in Brazil, 2,995.3 m above sea level, in the Serra da Neblina, part of the Serra do Imeri, a section of the Guiana Highlands on the Brazil–Venezuela border. As determined by a border survey expedition in 1962, its summit lies just</p><br>
<p>within Brazilian territory, at a horizontal distance of only 687 m from the Venezuelan border at Pico 31 de Março.</p><br>
<p>As the peak&#39;s name suggests, it is shrouded in dense clouds most of the time. It was first ascended in 1965 by members of a Brazilian Army expedition.</p><br>
<h2>Location</h2><br>
<p>Officially, Pico da Neblina is located in the municipality of Santa Isabel do Rio Negro, state of Amazonas. However, the mountain is not directly accessible from the urban seat of the municipality, which is about 180 km away, and federal authority over the national park, the Yanomami reservation and the border security area supersedes municipal authority in all practical respects. The nearest city is actually São Gabriel da Cachoeira, about 140 km in a straight line, from where virtually all climbing expeditions depart.</p><br>
<p>The mountain is contained in the Brazilian Pico da Neblina National Park; its northern slopes are also protected in Venezuelas Serranía de la Neblina National Park. The twin parks, together with the neighbouring Parima Tapirapecó National Park (Venezuela), form a protected area complex of about 80,000 km², possibly the largest national park system in tropical rainforests in the world. Pico da Neblina is also located within the territory of the Yanomami peoples reservation.</p><br>
<h2>Common misconceptions</h2><br>
<p>Pico da Neblina is often mentioned as being on the exact border between Brazil and Venezuela. This is true for its massif as a whole, but the main summit is wholly in Brazil, 687 metres from the actual border. It is also sometimes mentioned as being the highest point in South America outside of the Andes, but this is not correct either: the title belongs to Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta in Colombia, which is almost twice the height of Pico da Neblina and completely detached from the Andes. However, Pico da Neblina is indeed the highest point east of the Andes range, and therefore of a large portion of the continent. Neighbouring Pico 31 de Março, which is on the precise international border, is also the highest point in Venezuela outside of the Andes.</p><br>
<h2>Elevation measurements</h2><br>
<p>For 39 years, based on an uncontested measurement performed in 1965 by topographer José Ambrósio de Miranda Pombo, using a theodolite, the elevation of Pico da Neblina was thought to be 3,014 m, but a much more accurate measurement performed in 2004 with state-of-the-art GPS equipment by cartographer Marco Aurélio de Almeida Lima, a member of a Brazilian army expedition, put it at 2,993.78 m. This was then officially recognised by the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (IBGE), the federal government&#39;s official geographic survey and census agency, which jointly organised the expedition.</p><br>
<p>In February 2016, IBGE slightly revised again the official altitude of Pico da Neblina to 2,995.30 m, a 1.52-metre difference. There was no new expedition or field measurement at the time; the new value is simply a mathematical recalculation of the altitude, based on the previously obtained GPS field data, taking into account a newly available, more precise mapping of the Brazilian territory regarding the geoid (the imaginary surface based on the Earth&#39;s gravitational field that is the reference for altitudes). This explains why Pico da Neblina and Pico 31 de Março, which are next to each other, had both exactly the same altitude correction.</p><br>
<h2>Geology and topography</h2><br>
<p>The Neblina Massif is composed of a tilted block of sandstone overlying Precambrian metamorphic rocks. The peak is an impressive sharp rock pyramid or tooth, towering high (when the peak is visible) over the nearby lowlands on the Brazilian side, as the Imeri range quickly rises from only about 100 metres above sea level to about 2,000 metres at the base of the peak in just a few kilometres; from there the peak rises sharply.</p><br>
<p>The Venezuelan side of the massif is hillier and the altitude gradient to the northern plains is less abrupt, although deep chasms and high walls still exist. Neighbouring Pico 31 de Março can be considered a secondary summit of Pico da Neblina; it has a smoother, rounder shape and is sometimes difficult to be clearly distinguished from Pico da Neblina on photographs, depending on angle and distance. Due to Pico da Neblina&#39;s equatorial latitude, while it can be cold on top, sub-freezing temperatures and frost appear to be rare (no permanent measurements are undertaken), and there is no snow. One non-authoritative source gives an average temperature of 20 &deg;C during the day and 6 &deg;C at night.</p><br>
<h2>Discovery</h2><br>
<p>There is little documentation available today on the peak&#39;s discovery, and virtually none of it is authoritative, even though Brazilians only discovered the mountain fairly recently, in the mid-20th century. This late discovery can be understood if one remembers how extremely remote, inaccessible and uninhabited that part of the Amazon region is even today, and that it could hardly be expected that such a high mountain (by Brazilian standards) could be found standing next to the vast, low-lying Amazon Basin, even though it was known that there were mountains in that area. Moreover, as its own name states, Pico da Neblina is clouded and hidden from view most of the time.</p><br>
<p>All this led to it only being discovered in the 1950s. The exact date and circumstances are obscure and not documented, but a popular story often heard in Brazil says that it was supposedly seen and reported by an airline pilot who overflew it at a luckily cloudless moment. However, the massif was known well before that on the Venezuelan side, where it was called Cerro Jimé. In 1954, eight years before the Pico da Neblina was successfully climbed, the area was visited from the north by an expedition led by botanist Bassett Maguire, who reached the northern summit plateau of the massif and observed the highest peak, then unnamed, estimating it to be between "8,000-9,000 feet." The whole massif was named Cerro de la Neblina, since Maguire and Reynolds considered at the time that the massif constituted a separate formation from the Imeri range to the southeast.</p><br>
<p>Soon after the expedition, the highest peak, although unclimbed, was named Pico Phelps in honour of eminent ornithologist William H. Phelps, Jr. At that time, the peak was thought to lie entirely within Venezuelan territory. During the 1962 Brazilian expedition, it was determined that the highest summit lies entirely in Brazil. The Brazilian expedition renamed the summit peak to Pico da Neblina, causing some confusion with the name Cerro de la Neblina, which is used in Venezuela to refer to the whole massif. The subsidiary summit on the Venezuelan-Brazilian border was named Pico 31 de Março in Brazil, but it is now known as Pico Phelps in Venezuela.</p><br>
<p>In the 1950s, it was not yet clear whether Pico da Neblina was in Brazilian or Venezuelan territory, and its precise elevation was not yet known. Therefore, it was still widely held for many years after the peaks discovery that Brazils highest mountain was Pico da Bandeira (2,891 m or 9,486 ft), between the southeastern states of Minas Gerais and Espírito Santo, in a much more populated, developed and easily accessible region. Only in 1965 it was found and became widely known that Pico da Neblina was the country&#39;s highest mountain. Pico da Bandeira remains the highest Brazilian mountain outside of the Amazon region, and the third highest overall, after Pico da Neblina and 31 de Março.</p><br>
<h2>Access</h2><br>
<p>Due to its location in a national park in a border area that is also part of Yanomami territory, access to the area is restricted and depends on a special permit by the Chico Mendes Institute for Biodiversity Conservation (ICMBio), the Brazilian government organ responsible for national parks. The permit can be obtained at ICMBio&#39;s office in São Gabriel da Cachoeira, but all climbers must take an accredited local guide. A four-day trek each way should be expected, three of which consisting of a jungle trek in the rainforest that can be as hard and challenging as the climb itself. Rescue is close to impossible in the area.</p><br>
<p>Onchocerciasis or "river blindness," a parasitic disease that can cause permanent blindness and is transmitted by a black fly, is endemic in the area, albeit with a low incidence; malaria and yellow fever transmission are also possible. Therefore, climbers are advised not only to take the utmost precaution in avoiding insect bites, but also to discuss preventive and/or therapeutic strategies with qualified physicians who are familiar with tropical diseases.</p><br>
<p>Robson Czaban, a Brazilian photographer who climbed Pico da Neblina in 1998, reports on (in Portuguese) that there are always some gold panners on a small plateau just below the peak, at about 2,000 m (6,100 ft), called Garimpo do Tucano, which serves as the base camp for the last and steepest part of the climb. While the panners&#39; presence there is technically illegal, they are widely tolerated by Brazilian authorities, and Czaban speculates that this would be because in such a remote area, they are believed to watch the border and nature better than the park rangers and the army would have the means to do. Czaban reports them to be very friendly and helpful.</p><br>
<p>The Tryweryn is a river in North Wales which starts at Llyn Tryweryn in the Snowdonia National Park and after 19 km joins the river Dee at Bala. It is one of the main tributaries of the Dee and has been dammed to form Llyn Celyn. Water is stored in winter when flows are high, and released over the summer to maintain the flow in the Dee .</p><br>
<h2>Whitewater sports</h2><br>
<p>The Tryweryn River joins the River Dee roughly half a mile downstream from Bala Lake.</p><br>
<p>The reservoir now at the head of the Tryweryn was created in 1965, to provide water to Liverpool. At that time, the 67 inhabitants of the village of Capel Celyn were forcibly removed.</p><br>
<p>The Tryweryn is the site of the Welsh Canolfan Tryweryn national whitewater centre, managed by the Welsh Canoe Association. It is an important river for whitewater kayaking and rafting. The centre features a café and superb facilities to support whitewater sports. The natural whitewater rapids of the upper section of the Treweryn have been modified (by placing boulders along the river bed) to make them safer and to build playspots. The upper part of the river is usually considered to be Grade III. Usually between 9 and 12 m³/s are released from the Llyn Celyn Dam. The rapids of the lower section remain in a more natural state. These are of somewhat easier grade, with the exception of Bala Mill Falls.</p><br>
<p>The regular releases from Llyn Celyn in summer mean that kayak events and trips can be planned in advance, and commercial rafting can take place (most whitewater rivers in Wales rely on recent rain to have enough water for kayaking or rafting).</p><br>
<p>Access to the upper part of the Tryweryn is uncontroversial - this contrasts with recreational access to many of the other rivers in Wales, (see Rivers Access Campaign for more information), and adds to the popularity of the Tryweryn among kayakers and rafters.</p><br>
<p>In August 2004, John Prescott, deputy prime minister, was on a rafting trip on the Tryweryn and helped to aid a kayaker who had been injured.</p><br>
<p>Glendower, now known as Glendower State Memorial or Glendower Mansion, is an historic Greek Revival style house located at 105 Cincinnati Avenue, USA Route 42, Cincinnati Avenue, in Lebanon, Ohio. It was built in 1836 by Amos Bennett for John Milton Williams, a Lebanon merchant, and named for Owen Glendower. It has been called "one of the finest examples of the Greek Revival architecture in the Middle West."</p><br>
<p>On November 10, 1970, it was added to the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<h2>Current use</h2><br>
<p>Until 2007, Glendower was operated and maintained by the Ohio Historical Society. On December 3, 2007, it was transferred to the Warren County Historical Society. The Society offers tours of the home from June through August.</p><br>
<p>The grounds of Glendower are often used by Civil War reenactors.</p><br>
<p>The Medina Dam is a hollow-masonry type dam built in 1911 and 1912 by the Medina Irrigation Company in what became Mico, Texas, USA. Medina Lake extends north of it in northeastern Medina County and southeastern Bandera County. The dam and irrigation project was designed and financed by Dr. Frederick Stark Pearson, an American engineer, with extensive British financial backing. The construction took over 1500 men two years to build while working 24 hours a day. They were mostly skilled Mexican workers with experience building other dams for Pearson. They received two dollars for a days work. Pearsons Medina Irrigation Company  built a camp to house the workers and their families; the company town was first called MICO after its acronym. The community is now known as Mico, Texas.</p><br>
<p>When the dam was completed in 1913, it was the largest hydraulic engineering project west of the Mississippi River and the fourth-largest dam in the US. It is listed on the National Register of Historic Places for its significance as an infrastructure project and its contributions to economic development of the county.</p><br>
<p>The dam contains over 292,000 cubic yards (223,000 m³) of concrete and measures 164 feet high by 128 feet (39 m) wide at the base by 1,580 feet (482 m) long. It is 25 feet (8 m) wide at the top, which is 1076.2 feet (328 m) above sea level, and the spillway is 1,064.2 feet (324 m) above sea level. The dam provides irrigation to over 34,000 acres (138 km²) to Blackland Prairie farmlands below the Balcones Escarpment around Castroville, Texas, and also supplies water to the Medina River Ultrafiltration Water Treatment Plant owned and operated by the San Antonio Water System.</p><br>
<p>The reservoir behind the dam is called Medina Lake and is a major recreation area. It discharges into the Medina River, which also contains a diversion dam four miles downstream.</p><br>
<p>Medina Lake is a reservoir on the Medina River in the Texas Hill Country of the United States. It is operated by the Bexar/Medina/Atascosa County Agricultural District. Medina Dam was completed in 1913 in a privately financed project, creating the lake to supply irrigation water for local agricultural use. Lake Medina is in northeastern Medina County, and southeastern Bandera County, about 40 miles  northwest of San Antonio.</p><br>
<p>It is a crescent-shaped reservoir running west to east. It is 18 miles (29 km) long and 3 miles (5 km) wide at its broadest point. It is contained by the Medina Dam at the lakes south end. At the time of the dams construction, it was the largest concrete dam in the country and the fourth largest dam overall. The dam is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>The lake is fed by and discharges back into the Medina River, and serves both recreational and irrigation uses. Communities located along the lake are Mico, Lake Medina Shores and Lakehills.</p><br>
<p>There is also a Lake Medina east of Medina, Ohio, which recently was made a county park.</p><br>
<h2>Fish populations</h2><br>
<p>Medina Lake has been stocked with species of fish intended to improve the reservoir for recreational fishing. Fish in Medina Lake include largemouth bass, white bass, hybrid striped bass, catfish, and carp. Due to drought conditions lasting up until July 2015, recreational fish species had disappeared. Plans to restock the lake once levels reach viable levels were put in place. These plans were realized when the lake did reach these levels, which as of October 2, 2016, is 96.6% full.</p><br>
<h2>Future and state of the lake</h2><br>
<p>As part of the 2010–13 Southern United States drought, the lake water levels dropped below 5% capacity. Many cracks, oil drums and a Jeep are visible as a result of low water. Only one public boat ramp remains, located at Red Cove in Mico. A few showers in the Summer of 2013 helped the lake rise to 5.2%, but the dam was reopened in September as many people in the South Side of San Antonio use the lake for a water source. Many businesses have closed in the area, many residents have left and Lakehills has become somewhat of a ghost town.</p><br>
<p>Heavy rainfall in the region as of May, 2015 brought the levels above 46% capacity. At that time, Medina Lake was about 28 feet low, down from 90 feet low mere months before.</p><br>
<p>Due to heavy rains on the Medina River basin & the lake itself in May 2016, Medina Lake is 100% full and 1.5 feet above its conservation pool as of June 1, 2016.</p><br>
<p>Palomar Mountain is a mountain ridge in the Peninsular Ranges in northern San Diego County. It is famous as the location of the Palomar Observatory and Hale Telescope, and known for the Palomar Mountain State Park.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Luiseno Indian name for Palomar Mountain was "Paauw" and High Point was called "Wikyo."</p><br>
<p>The Spanish name "Palomar", in English meaning "pigeon roost," comes from the Spanish colonial era in Alta California when Palomar Mountain was known as the home of band-tailed pigeons.</p><br>
<p>During the 1890s, the human population was sufficient to support three public schools, and it was a popular summer resort for Southern California, with three hotels in operation part of the time, and a tent city in Doane Valley each summer.</p><br>
<h2>Palomar Observatory</h2><br>
<p>Palomar Mountain is most famous as the home of the Palomar Observatory and the Hale Telescope. The 200-inch telescope was the world&#39;s largest and most important telescope from 1949 until 1992. The observatory currently consists of three large telescopes.</p><br>
<h2>Palomar Mountain State Park</h2><br>
<p>Palomar Mountain is the location of Palomar Mountain State Park, a California State Park. There are campgrounds for vacationers, and a campground for local school children until the San Diego Unified School District was forced to close it due to state budget cuts. The park averages 70,000 visitors annually. The campgrounds in the park were temporarily closed on October 2, 2011, due to state budget cuts. The park was among 70 California State Parks threatened by budget cuts in fiscal years 2011-2012 and 2012-2013, but the park and the campgrounds remain open.</p><br>
<p>Palomar Mountain, especially in the state park area, is densely wooded with abundant oak and conifer tree species (pine, cedar, fir). Ferns are abundant everywhere in the shady forest. The forest is supported by annual precipitation totals in excess of 30 inches.</p><br>
<p>Beginning in the 1920s a lookout tower has been present on Boucher Hill on Palomar Mountain. The tower had been active until it was abandoned in 1983 and then was reactivated when the FFLA (Forest Fire Lookout Association) began manning it in 2012. Boucher Hill sees more than 11,000 visitors a season. The tower opens around May 1 in conjunction with the fire season and closes in early December. During this period the tower is typically staffed 7 days a week from 9am -5pm.</p><br>
<p>Doane Valley, located within the State Park, is home to the Camp Palomar Outdoor School for 6th grade students in the San Diego Unified School District.</p><br>
<h2>Oak Knoll Campground</h2><br>
<p>At the base of Palomar Mountain on S6 is Oak Knoll Campground, formerly known as Palomar Gardens. In the 1950s and 1960s, Palomar Gardens was made famous by its owner and resident, UFO contactee George Adamski. Adamski had a self-built, wooden observatory at Palomar Gardens and photographed objects in the night sky that he claimed were UFOs. Adamski co-authored the bestselling Flying Saucers Have Landed in 1953, about his alleged alien encounter experiences, and in particular his meetings with a friendly "Space Brother" from Venus named Orthon. The 1977 film The Crater Lake Monster had many scenes filmed on Palomar Mountain, including scenes shot at the summit restaurant, but not the scenes of the monster in a lake.</p><br>
<h2>High Point</h2><br>
<p>High Point, is in the Cleveland National Forest, in the Palomar Mountain range is one of the highest peaks in San Diego County, at 6,140 ft, surpassed by Cuyamaca Peak (at 6,512 ft) and Hot Springs Mountain (the countys highest point, at 6,533 ft). They are dwarfed by the higher 11,500 ft San Bernardino Mountains a relatively short distance to the north, in San Bernardino County and Riverside County and the 14,500 ft high Mount Whitney some 250 mi further north. High Point is located approximately two miles east of the observatory. However, it is not accessible by the public from that direction as the observatory itself, and adjacent land are private property, and the road to High Point from the observatory is blocked by a permanently closed gate. It may be reached via Palomar Divide Truck Trail, a dirt road that starts off highway 79 near Warner Springs, California. The trip is 13 miles one way with 3000 ft of elevation gain via Palomar Divide Truck Trail. There is an operational USFS fire lookout on High Point, built in 1964. It is 70 tall, making it the tallest USFS fire tower in California. It was brought back into service in 2009 and is staffed by the FFLA (Forest Fire Lookout Association).</p><br>
<p>Other local peaks include:</p><br>
<p>Birch Hill (5,710 ft)</p><br>
<p>Boucher Hill (5,436 ft).</p><br>
<h2>Access</h2><br>
<p>South Grade Road, the stretch of San Diego County Route S6 going from State Route 76 to the summit, is popular among motorcycle riders and sports car drivers due to its challenging nature</p><br>
<p>(over 20 hairpin turns over the distance of less than 7 mi). According to fire department records, there have been 26 reported motorcycle injury accidents on the mountain in 2005. In 2004, the figure was 23. In 2003 there were 26.</p><br>
<h2>Climate</h2><br>
<p>According to the Köppen Climate Classification system, Palomar Mountain has a warm-summer Mediterranean climate, abbreviated "Csa" on climate maps. Annual precipitation on the mountain averages about 30 inches (highly variable from year to year), mostly falling between October and March. Snow falls during cold winter storms. Summers are mostly dry, except for occasional thunderstorms in late July to early September. The humid climate supports woods of oak, pine, fir and cedar on large swaths of the mountain.</p><br>
<h2>Natural history</h2><br>
<p>The upper elevations of the Palomar Mountain Range have notably different habitats than its lower elevation foothills. The lower regions are in the California montane chaparral and woodlands sub-ecoregion, adapted to the xeric/dry Mediterranean climate with chaparral and woodlands flora. The higher regions are in the California mixed evergreen forest sub-ecoregion, with California black oaks, closed-cone pines, firs, and other California oaks and conifers. Higher elevations receive considerably more moisture than the coastal and inland valley lower slopes, with 30 - of precipitation. They can also receive snow from winter storms.</p><br>
<p>Fort Kearny was a historic outpost of the United States Army founded in 1848 in the western USA during the middle and late 19th century. The fort was named after Col. and later General Stephen W. Kearny. The outpost was located along the Oregon Trail near Kearney, Nebraska. The town of Kearney took its name from the fort. The "e" was added to Kearny by postmen who consistently misspelled the town name.</p><br>
<p>The fort became the eastern anchor of the Great Platte River Road and thus an important military and civilian way station for 20 years. Wagon trains moving west, were able to resupply after completing about a sixth (16%) of the journey. The fort offered a safe resting area for the eastern immigrants in this new and hostile land. Livestock could be traded for fresh stock and letters sent back to the States. The fort continued to expand over the years, until there were over 30 buildings before its closure in 1871. It took on additional roles as a Pony Express station, an Overland Stage station and a telegraph station.</p><br>
<h2>Origins and various missions of the fort</h2><br>
<p>The fort was built in response to the growth of overland emigration to Oregon after 1845. The first post, Fort Kearny, was established in the spring of 1848 "near the head of the Grand Island" along the Platte River by Lieutenant Daniel P. Woodbury. It was first called Fort Childs, but in 1848 the post was renamed Fort Kearny in honor of General Stephen Watts Kearny.</p><br>
<p>Despite its lack of fortifications, Fort Kearny served as way station, sentinel post, supply depot, and message center for 49&#39;ers bound for California and homeseekers traveling to California, Oregon and the Pacific Northwest. The earliest surviving photograph of the post, taken in 1858 by Samuel C. Mills, shows the post as a collection of adobe buildings without any wall or fortifications. By the 1860s the fort had become a significant state and freighting station and home station of the Pony Express. During the Indian Wars of 1864-1865 a small stockade was apparently built upon the earth embankment still visible. Although never under attack, the post did serve as an outfitting depot for several Indian campaigns.</p><br>
<p>The fort was a precious source of provisions for emigrants on the early section of the trail for several decades during the height of the trail use until its abandonment in 1871. As it had been founded along the Platte River to protect emigrants on the trail westward, the fort became an important stop along the eastern part of the trail for the following decade, offering the sale of food, reliable mail service and other amenities. At the height of the pioneer trail use in the 1850s, as many as 2,000 emigrants and 10,000 oxen might pass through in a single day during the height of the trail season in late May.</p><br>
<p>One of the fort&#39;s final duties was the protection of workers building the Union Pacific. In 1871, two years after the completion of the transcontinental railroad, the fort was discontinued as a military post. Its buildings were disassembled and moved West to outfit newer posts.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The fort was intended mostly as a supply post, and not as defensive position in the Indian Wars. Throughout most of its history, the fort consisted mostly of wooden buildings surrounding a central parade ground without fortified walls. Throughout the decades of its use until the completion of the transcontinental railroad, the character of the buildings became slightly more permanent, changing from adobe and sod structures to wooden frame construction. Although it was in the heart of area inhabited by American Indians aka Native Americans, and was near the center of hostile action in the 1860s, no direct attack was ever made on the fort.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>First Fort Kearny</h3><br>
<p>The fort along the Platte River was the second of two army posts in present-day Nebraska to be named after Colonel Stephen W. Kearny of the USA Army. In 1838, Kearny had scouted the area along the Missouri River at the mouth of Table Creek near present-day Nebraska City looking for a suitable location for an outpost to protect westward travelers. In 1846, following Kearny&#39;s recommendation, the United States War Department had ordered the building of an outpost on the site and directed Kearny to construct one there. The Army then sent Colonel Kearny with a detachment of men from Fort Leavenworth up the Missouri to the area with orders to construct an outpost at the selected site.</p><br>
<p>The Army constructed a two-story wooden blockhouse on the site, which became known as Camp Kearny and later Fort Kearny. The Army quickly realized, however, the location was not chosen well, since few emigrants passed the site on their way west. Instead, the main routes of the trails preferred by emigrants lay to the north near Omaha and to the south. Construction was subsequently halted on the site, with the exception of the erection of a number of log huts for temporary quarters for a battalion of troops who wintered there in 1847&ndash;1848.</p><br>
<h3>Second Fort Kearny</h3><br>
<p>In September 1847, Kearny sent topographical engineer Lt. Daniel P. Woodbury westward along the Platte looking for a more suitable location for the outpost. Woodbury selected a site in present-day central Nebraska near the spot where the Trail westward from Independence, Missouri joined the trail westward from Omaha and Council Bluffs. Woodbury described the spot in his journals as:</p><br>
<p>In December Woodbury went to Washington, D.C. with orders to secure organization of the new post. Woodbury requested an appropriation of $15,000 for construction, while advocating the employment of Mormon emigrants for construction. Although he did not receive these provisions, Woodbury received permission to build the fort from scratch with soldier labor.</p><br>
<p>The Army abandoned the Table Creek post in May 1848 and arrived at the new site in June. Woodbury directed construction of the fort with 175 men as labor. They built wooden buildings around a four-acre (16,000 m²) parade ground, with cottonwood trees planted around the perimeter. Woodbury initially named the fort "Fort Childs" after Col. Thomas Childs, a famous soldier in the Mexican-American War, as well as Woodbury&#39;s father-in-law. A directive from War Department, however, directed that the name "Fort Kearny" would be transferred to the new fort.</p><br>
<p>The fort grew rapidly into an important trail stop. By June 1849, Woodbury noted in his journals that 4,000 wagons had passed the fort so far that year, mostly on their way to California. The fort accumulated large stores of goods for travelers, with the directive of selling them at a beneficial cost to the emigrants. Specifically, the commander of the fort was authorized to sell goods at cost to emigrants, and in some cases of hardship, to give goods to them for free. In 1850, the fort acquired regular once-a-month mail service with the arrival of a stagecoach route between Independence, Missouri and Salt Lake City. It was the first regular mail service established along the trail.</p><br>
<h2>Trail Junction</h2><br>
<p>Fort Kearny’s location was chosen based on its proximity to the junction of several existing smaller trails, which joined together into a single broader route that became known as the Great Platte River Road. At this location, immigrant trains from the Missouri River trail head converged</p><br>
<p>Eastern Trailsheads</p><br>
<p>Westport near Kansas City, used by most emigrants.</p><br>
<p>Fort Leavenworth</p><br>
<p>St. Joseph, Missouri</p><br>
<p>Nebraska City became a major freight center during The Mormon War and after the discovery of gold in the Colorado and Montana Territories (1858-1865). Freighters found the Ox-Bow Trail, with more abundant grass and water although longer and prone to having muddy lowlands. This was replaced in 1858 by the “Steam Wagon Road” which was a more direct route and improved after 1862.</p><br>
<p>Omaha, along with Florence, Nebraska, which served the Mormon Pioneers from Winter Quarters.</p><br>
<h2>Role in the Indian Wars</h2><br>
<p>The early years of the fort were relatively peaceful. After 1854, and the creation of the Nebraska Territory by the Kansas-Nebraska Act, the area around the fort in northern Kansas and southern Nebraska increasingly came under the hostile activity of the Cheyenne and Sioux tribes. In the summer of 1864, the irritation of the Native Americans at the encroachment by white settlers culminated in violent attacks on wagon trains along the Platte and the Little Blue River. During this time, soldiers from the fort began escorting wagon trains, and the fort became a center for refugees fleeing from attacks. Earthwork fortifications were constructed at the fort, and the Army ordered the deployment of the First Nebraska Cavalry and the Seventh Iowa Cavalry to the fort. By 1865, the conflict between Native Americans and white settlers had shifted westward away from the area of the fort.</p><br>
<h2>Later years and abandonment</h2><br>
<p>The construction of the Union Pacific Railroad across Nebraska starting in 1867 largely marked the end of the need for a fort to protect and supply wagon train emigrants. Following the completion of the transcontinental railroad in 1869, the USA Army issued an order for abandonment of the post on May 22, 1871. In 1875, the buildings were torn down and the materials removed to barracks at North Platte and Sidney. The troops of the fort were restationed to Omaha and its stores were relocated to Fort McPhearson 70 miles (110 km) to the west. In December 1876, the grounds were given over to the United States Department of the Interior for disbursement to settlements under the Homestead Act. Within several years, little remained of the fort except for cottonwood trees and the 1864 earthwork fortifications.</p><br>
<h2>Fort Kearny State Historical Park</h2><br>
<p>In 1928, the Fort Kearny Memorial Association was formed by Nebraska citizens to raise money to purchase and restore part of the grounds. The organization was able to purchase 40 acres (162,000 m²) of the original site, which it offered to the State of Nebraska. The State Legislature authorized the purchase, which became final on March 26, 1929. Thus acquired by the State of Nebraska in 1929, part of the original site is now operated as Fort Kearny State Historical Park by the Nebraska Game and Parks Commission. The site has been entered on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>In cooperation with the Nebraska Game and Parks Commission, which operates the current State Historic Park, the Nebraska State Historical Society conducts ongoing archaeological investigations of the grounds. These digs have uncovered and marked the foundations of all major building on the site including headquarters, officers and troops quarters, parade grounds, storage and livestock stockade. A small theatre that shows a 20-minute history of the fort, a museum with collected artifacts and a reconstructed blacksmith shop with period cannons, caissons, tack and other equipment is behind the museum. There is space on the park for RV and trailer parking with some facilities. The park is only open during the summer months. Reenactors fire the authentic cannon every year on 4 July weekend ceremonies.</p><br>
<p>In June 2010, Governor Dave Heineman signed a Proclamation re-establishing the 2nd Battalion, Nebraska Veteran Cavalry, the unit will be at the Fort on three major holidays, memorial day weekend, 4 July weekend, and Labor day weekend.</p><br>
<p>This historical cavalry unit served at the fort during the Indian Wars, the unit is historically correct in every possible aspect; bugle calls used by the cavalry can be heard at differing times to announce the activities of the troop at the fort.</p><br>
<h2>Depiction in fiction</h2><br>
<p>In the novel Around the World in Eighty Days by Jules Verne, a train in the process of being hijacked by Sioux stops at Fort Kearny to request aid from the troops there. Such an event is somewhat of an anachronism, given that the conflicts with Native Americans had largely shifted away from the area by the time of the completion of the railroad.</p><br>
<p>The fort is prominently mentioned and described as a stop along the Oregon Trail in 1855 in the novel “Westward Hearts (Homeward on the Oregon Trail Book 1)” by Melody Carlson, 2012 chapter 25.</p><br>
<p>Fort Kearny also appears in the short-lived television western drama series "The Loner" (1965) starring actor Lloyd Bridges. The series, created and written by Rod Serling of "The Twilight Zone" fame, takes place in the late 1860s and features the fort in an episode titled "Westward the Shoemaker". The "Westward..." episode concerns an Eastern European Jewish immigrant who seeks a new life in Nebraska Territory as a bootmaker but runs afoul of a card shark.</p><br>
<p>The fort is mentioned in the introduction to an episode of the TV series Wagon Train, "The Willy Moran Story" as the next destination of the settlers.</p><br>
<p>The fort is also referenced in the HBO television series Deadwood in episode 5 of the first series as the closest place to find smallpox vaccine.</p><br>
<p>The fort is mentioned in the 2014 film The Homesman, as the post Tommy Lee Jones character was stationed when a soldier with the USA Dragoons.</p><br>
<p>The fort is a stop in the Oregon Trail video game.</p><br>
<p>The Otaki River is in the southwestern North Island of New Zealand. It originates in the Tararua Range and flows for 45 km, heading southwest through a valley in the Tararua Ranges. It turns northwest in the area of Otaki Forks, where it is joined by the Waiotauru River. After continuing through Otaki Gorge towards Kapiti Coast, it crosses State Highway 1  south of Otaki and reaches the Tasman Sea south of the settlement of Otaki Beach.</p><br>
<p>The Otaki River is one of the major rivers that formed the fertile floodplains of the Kapiti Coast. The Otaki Forks area, accessible via Otaki Gorge Road, is a popular recreational area and the start of several tramping tracks into the Tararua Range.</p><br>
<p>The Otaki River also offers fishing of brown trout and white bait.</p><br>
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<p>The Avila Adobe, built in 1818 by Francisco Avila, is the oldest standing residence in Los Angeles, California. It is located in the paseo of historical Olvera Street, a part of Los Angeles Plaza Historic District, a California State Historic Park. The building itself is registered as California Historical Landmark #145, while the entire historic district is both listed on the National Register of Historic Places and as a Los Angeles Historic-Cultural Monument.</p><br>
<p>The Plaza is the third location of the original Spanish settlement El Pueblo de Nuestra Señora la Reina de Los Ángeles sobre el Río Porciúncula, the first two having been washed out by flooding from the swollen Río Porciúncula (Los Angeles River). The Avila Adobe was one of the settlement&#39;s first houses to share street frontage in the Pueblo de Los Angeles of Spanish colonial Alta California.</p><br>
<p>The walls of the Avila Adobe are 2.5 - thick and are built from sun-baked adobe bricks. The original ceilings were 15 ft high and supported by beams of cottonwood, which was available along the banks of the Los Angeles River. Though the roof appears slanted today, the original roof was flat. Tar (Spanish: brea) was brought up from the La Brea Tar Pits, located near the north boundary line of Avila&#39;s Rancho Las Cienegas. The tar was mixed with rocks and horsehair, a common binder in exterior building material, and applied to beams of the roof as a sealant from inclement weather.</p><br>
<p>The original floor of the Avila adobe was hard-as-concrete compacted earth. which was swept several times a day to keep the surface smooth and free from loose soil. (Dirt floors were common among most early adobes.) In later years, varnished wood planks were used as flooring.</p><br>
<p>The original structure was nearly twice as long as it now appears and was "L"-shaped with a wing that extended nearly to the center of Olvera Street. The rear of the house had a long porch facing the patio. Francisco tended a garden and a vineyard in the rear courtyard. The nearby Zanja Madre (literally "Mother Ditch") was a main water aqueduct and irrigation ditch that brought water down to the Pueblo from the Los Angeles River and was close enough to the adobe for Francisco Avila to avail himself. Avila eventually added a wooden veranda and steps to the front of the adobe.</p><br>
<h2>Francisco Avila</h2><br>
<p>Francisco Avila, a Californio and wealthy cattle rancher, was the grantee of Rancho Las Cienegas west of the pueblo (present day mid-Wilshire district). Avila spent his working time at the rancho where he resided during the week. On weekends, special feast days, or holidays, he came to the Pueblo where he could conduct trade business, entertain friends, families, or patrons; or prepare for services at the Nuestra Señora Reina de los Angeles Asistencia (church) across the plaza. The Avila Adobe was considered gracious in its day. It had a number of spacious rooms with an ample number of windows. It served many a social gathering with the Avilas hosting these events in the large sala (parlour).</p><br>
<p>Francisco Avila would trade hides and tallow (a main ingredient in candles and soap) to acquire finer imported things from Mexico and beyond to furnish the house. French doors and window frames were ordered from Boston. These imports were brought to post-independence Mexican Alta California by ship over thousands of miles around the southern Cape Horn of South America. Avila wealth and goods to trade allowed the purchase of fine furnishings and goods from Mexico and New England, and Asia and Europe. Avila would also trade for household goods, from on merchant ships anchored in San Pedro Bay or San Diego pueblo&#39;s Mission Bay, which were carted inland by an ox-drawn carreta, a wooden bullock cart of the era.</p><br>
<p>The adobe was always ready to receive friends, family, and travelers, including the famous trailblazer, Jedediah Smith. Smith had led a group of fur trappers overland and across the Mojave Desert to southern California, and stayed at the adobe for a few days during January 1827. These were the first USA citizens to reach Alta California from the east via an overland route. Smith later recorded: "A few families are rich in cattle and horses and mules and among these Señor and his brother are perhaps the richest."</p><br>
<p>Francisco Avila died on April 5, 1832. His widow, Encarnacion Avila, remained at the adobe until her death in 1855, though sometime after Francisco’s death she did remarry.</p><br>
<h2>During the Mexican-American War</h2><br>
<p>On May 18, 1846, the United States declared war on Mexico, the Mexican-American War, at which time the USA took interest in Alta California. USA Navy Commodore Robert F. Stockton arrived in Monterey on July 14 and declared California won over. He then proceeded to march toward Los Angeles which he took without so much as a shot being fired. But the Pueblo de Los Angeles had not capitulated so easily and revolted against the garrison of men left to police the pueblo, winning the Siege of Los Angeles. Stockton was forced to return in October via San Diego. After the Battle of San Pasqual just north of San Diego in December, which was a setback for the Americans, they marched toward Los Angeles. They became involved in the Battle of Rio San Gabriel near the San Gabriel River on January 8, 1847, which after two days quelled the Mexican resistance there. The Battle of La Mesa followed.</p><br>
<p>When news of the advancing American troops reached the Pueblo, most the inhabitants fled, including Maria Encarnacion Avila, whose husband was not around to protect her. She went to the home of a nearby relative and left the house in charge of a young boy who had orders to leave the doors and shutters closed. On January 10, Stockton arrived with a marching band fanfare that lured the young boy outside leaving the door open. The troops passing noticed the great size of the house with its lavish furnishings and decided to take it as temporary headquarters. When hostilities ended on January 13 with the signing of the Treaty of Cahuenga, the troops vacated the adobe.</p><br>
<p>Avila&#39;s youngest daughter, Francisca married Theodore Rimpau, a German native in 1850. After Encarnacion Avila died in 1855, the couple lived in the adobe until 1868. By now the structure had aged appreciably, and the Rimpaus left. Various family member rented the house over the next few years after which it became a boarding house. An 1870 earthquake damaged the structure even more, causing it to fall into ruin, and in 1928 the City of Los Angeles condemned it.</p><br>
<h2>20th century restoration</h2><br>
<p>Christine Sterling, an English woman from San Francisco who had moved to Los Angeles, had immediately taken an interest in the city&#39;s cultural history. In 1926 she began work on the project of transforming the old plaza area from a skid row ruin into a Latin-American cultural center. She enlisted the aid of Harry Chandler, the Los Angeles Times owner and publisher, who printed several articles that would generate public interest in the project and raise funds for the restoration. However, after two years the funding was failing miserably. Even though she faced a seemingly lost cause, when she learned of the 1928 condemnation of the adobe, she acted quickly to get a stay on the wrecking ball. She tracked down the owner of the building who happened to be Miss Sophia Rimpau, a member of the original family. She agreed to rent the adobe to Mrs. Sterling for a nominal amount. Sterling then went to the papers and called in reporters to cover a story on the restoration of Olvera Street and the Avila Adobe. The campaign sparked the support she needed and soon she had enough funds to buy the house.</p><br>
<p>One of Sterling&#39;s benefactors was Florence Dodson de Shoneman, a descendant of the Californio Sepulveda family, who provided furnishings for an entire room in the adobe. The adobe underwent the necessary renovations to keep it from being demolished and Sterling pleaded with city council to rescind the condemnation order. Not only did council fulfill the request, but the chief of police provided assistance from prison inmates to help clean up the plaza area. Eventually the Avila Adobe was completely restored to its former glory. By March 1930, the Olvera Street Plaza was transformed from a skid row to a Mexican-style marketplace.</p><br>
<p>Christine Sterling maintained her residence at the adobe, but held it open for group and student tours. In 1953 the State of California acquired the Avila Adobe as part of the El Pueblo de Los Angeles State Historic Park. Mrs. Sterling remained in the house until her death in 1963.</p><br>
<p>The 1971 Sylmar earthquake caused major damage to the adobe, and the house was closed to tours until a $120,000 and five-year restoration could be completed. A new structure added to the rear of the building was set up as a memorial to Christine Sterling. The Adobe has now been opened to tours since 1976.</p><br>
<h2>Historic house museum</h2><br>
<p>The present adobe is a historic house museum, with seven rooms left from what used to be a much larger building. Restoration has worked to create an idea of what the original home was like. The largest room, the family room, was a general area for dining, entertainment, and social gatherings. The office room was the main business room for Francisco Avila. The sala, or living room, was reserved for special occasions such as a wedding or baptism or maybe even entertaining special guests. There were sleeping quarters for the parents and another for the children and a kitchen for food preparation that doubled as a bathing room. Cooking was done outdoors in the courtyard. Sanitation was done elsewhere outside the house. Most of the original furnishings came from other countries with which Avila traded.</p><br>
<p>The adobe consists of a generous courtyard with covered porches for each of the adobe&#39;s areas, including stables and a workshop. A more recent archaeological find has revealed a portion of the Zanja Madre ("Mother Ditch"), which transported water into the pueblo via a brick-laid pipeline from the river.</p><br>
<p>The adobe is a Los Angeles Historic-Cultural Monument and a California Historical Landmark (No. 145) and is on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<h3>Access</h3><br>
<p>The Avila Adobe is open for public touring and is located at East 10 Olvera Street within El Pueblo de Los Angeles State Historic Park. The park office is located at 845 N. Alameda Street, and the Visitors Information Center is at 128 Paseo de la Plaza.</p><br>
<p>The Harding Tomb, also known as the Harding Memorial, is the burial location of the 29th President of the United States, Warren G. Harding and First Lady Florence Kling Harding. It is located in Marion, Ohio at the southeast corner of Vernon Heights Boulevard and Delaware Avenue, just south of Marion Cemetery.</p><br>
<h2>Plans for Construction</h2><br>
<p>Shortly after the country’s 29th President died in office, The Harding Memorial Association formed to raise money for a memorial site in honor of the late president. The association ultimately received $978,000 in donations from more than one million people across the country, as well as contributions from several European nations. Among the list of contributors from the United States were an estimated 200,000 school children, who donated pennies towards the memorial.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>Construction began in 1926 and finished in the early winter of 1927. It is designed in the style of a circular Greek temple with Doric order marble columns. The columns are built of Georgia white marble and are 28 ft high and 5 ft in diameter at the base. Designed by Henry Hornbostel, Eric Fisher Wood and Edward Mellon, the winners of a 1925 national design competition, the structure is 103 ft in diameter and 53 ft in height.</p><br>
<p>The structure is unroofed (peribolus), in the style of some Greek temples in which the center (Hypaethros) was open to the sky and without a roof (medium autem sub diva est sine tecto). The open design honors the Hardings&#39; wishes that they be buried outside, and is covered in ivy and other plantings.</p><br>
<h2>Burials</h2><br>
<p>At their deaths, the bodies of the Hardings were entombed in the Marion Cemetery Receiving Vault. Once the Harding Memorial was completed in 1927, the bodies were reinterred in the Memorials sarcophagus and it was sealed. Because Hardings reputation was damaged by personal controversies and presidential scandals, the Harding Memorial was not officially dedicated until 1931 when President Herbert Hoover presided.</p><br>
<h2>President Hoover's dedication</h2><br>
<p>On June 16, 1931, President Herbert Hoover gave a speech at the official dedication ceremony of the Warren G. Harding memorial. The following are excerpts from Hoover&#39;s eulogy:</p><br>
<p>Warren G. Harding came from the people. Born just at the close of the Civil War, it became his responsibility to lead the Republic in a period of reconstruction from another great war in which our democracy had again demonstrated its unalterable resolve to withstand encroachment upon its independence and to deserve the respect of the world. We cannot too often emphasize the difficulties to accomplishment which Warren Harding met in his task....</p><br>
<p>He brought to the Office of President a long experience in public affairs together with the character and spirit of which the Republic was then in need. His was a mind and character fitted for a task where the one transcendent need was the healing quality of gentleness and friendliness. He was inspired by a devoted wife, who gave unstintingly of her strength to aid him. Mrs. Harding rests here beside him in death as she labored beside him in life....</p><br>
<p>Our thoughts today turn to the man himself. My first meeting with Warren Harding ever lingers in my memory. It was during the war and in a time of the greatest strain and anxiety. Late one evening the then Senator Harding, whom I had never met, came to my office. When he was announced, there flashed into my mind the thought that here was some complaint or a request for some appointment. Instead the Senator said simply: "I have not come to get anything. I just want you to know that if you wish the help of a friend, telephone me what you want. I am there to serve and to help." That statement, I came to learn, was typical of him. I refer to it now because it reveals the nature of the man....</p><br>
<p>He gave his life in worthy accomplishment for his country. He was a man of delicate sense of honor, of sympathetic heart, of transcendent gentleness of soul – who reached out for friendship, who gave of it loyally and generously in his every thought and deed. He was a man of passionate patriotism. He was a man of deep religious feeling. He was devoted to his fellow men....</p><br>
<h2>Oversight</h2><br>
<p>The Harding Memorial Association transferred ownership of the Harding Memorial to the Ohio Historical Society (OHS) in the 1980s. OHS undertook a full restoration in the mid-1980s and began to refer to the site as the Harding Tomb, a better description of its function.</p><br>
<p>Following a reorganization, the Ohio Historical Society transferred day-to-day management of the memorial, and the Harding Home, to Marion Technical College (MTC) in 2011. This arrangement reduced OHS&#39;s administrative burden, while allowing MTC to attend to the site. OHS retains ownership, and co-ordinates with MTC on major site issues.</p><br>
<p>The memorial is also important in American history because it is the last of the elaborate presidential tombs, a trend that began with the burial of President Abraham Lincoln in his tomb in Springfield, Illinois. Since President Calvin Coolidge, Harding&#39;s successor, presidents have chosen burial plot designs that are simpler, or combined those with their library sites.</p><br>
<p>Harding&#39;s dog Laddie Boy is not buried in the memorial with him. The dog is actually buried in Boston, Massachusetts and never lived in Marion.</p><br>
<p>The Judson Memorial Church is located on Washington Square South between Thompson Street and Sullivan Street, opposite Washington Square Park, in the Greenwich Village neighborhood of the New York City borough of Manhattan. It is affiliated with the American Baptist Churches USA and with the United Church of Christ.</p><br>
<p>The church sanctuary, its campanile tower and the attached Judson Hall were designated landmarks by the New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission in 1966, and were added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1974.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>Founding</h3><br>
<p>By the mid-19th century, the village had the largest African-American community in the city, along with joined German, French and Irish immigrants, and to the immediate south a majority of Italian immigrants. Earlier more affluent communities had begun an exodus from the adjacent neighborhoods to the south and east. Judson observed that "the intelligent, well-to-do, and church going people withdraw from this part of the city." The park and the new church stood at the intersection between the affluence of Fifth Avenue and the poverty of Lower Manhattan.</p><br>
<p>The church was founded by Edward Judson who had been preaching at the Berean Baptist Church on Downing Street, also in the village, but his efforts at expanding the congregation were so successful that a new sanctuary was required. In 1888, with the backing of John D. Rockefeller and other prominent Baptists, construction of a new church south of the park was begun. Judson had chosen the location because he wanted to reach out to the neighboring communities. It was to be a memorial to Judson&#39;s father, Adoniram Judson, one of the first Protestant missionaries to Burma. The church building was designed by architect Stanford White, with stained-glass windows by John La Farge. It features Renaissance influences wedded to a basic Italianate form. Sculptor Augustus Saint-Gaudens designed a marble frieze in the baptistery, which was carried out by Herbert Adams</p><br>
<p>As well as worship and religious education, the church offered health-care and outreach ministries to non-members as well as members. However, the church was not able to attract sufficient support from its wealthy neighbors on the north side of square, and by 1912, the church found itself in financial difficulties. The Baptist City Society (metropolitan association of Baptist churches) was persuaded to take over the property and financial responsibility, which it ended up holding until the congregation was again able to resume ownership and control in 1973.</p><br>
<h3>Early 20th century</h3><br>
<p>In 1921, under the leadership of its pastor, A. Ray Petty, the church offered first its basement and then rented its parish house on Thompson Street to Dr. Eleanor A. Campbell, a pioneering female physician who ran the Judson Health Center, a free medical and dental clinic. The center operated at 237 Thompson Street from 1922 to 1950, when the clinic moved to its present location on Spring Street in SoHo, the neighborhood to the south. During the 1920s, the church, with aid from the national American Baptist denomination, also ran the Judson Neighborhood House, a settlement house, at 179 Sullivan Street.</p><br>
<p>During the Great Depression in the early 20th century, Laurence Hosie served as pastor. Although the congregation dwindled, the church remained active in various social causes, including allowing homeless men to sleep on the pews at times. In 1937, the Baptist City Society appointed Renato Giacomelli Alden as pastor.</p><br>
<p>After World War II, with the rush of new students the former parish house and health center was turned into a residence for international students and students of various races, led by Dean R. Wright, the Baptist chaplain to New York University, the churchs neighbor. At the same time, a new pastor, Robert Spike, began theological explorations with veterans and the artists then working in the village, which brought a new group of congregants and led to a change in the churchs worship style to a more modern sensibility.</p><br>
<h3>Late 20th century</h3><br>
<p>In 1957, Howard Moody became the senior minister, continuing the churchs outspoken advocacy on issues of civil rights and free expression, as well as breaking with the confessedly evangelical understandings of the past by speaking out for issues once universally considered to be immoral by Christians (such as abortion and the decriminalization of prostitution), a policy that continues under the present leadership of the congregation. Al Carmines, the associate pastor 1962 to 1979, focused his ministry on the arts (see below). The congregation expanded during this period, allowing the church to take back control of its property from the citywide Baptist organization that had been acting as trustee until 1973. Following Moodys retirement in 1990, Peter Laarman became senior pastor. Coming from a background in union organizing, Laarman led the church into ministries dealing with economic issues, while continuing work with the arts and other social issues, and starting a multi-year program of restoration and renovation of the church&#39;s aging buildings.</p><br>
<p>Since becoming senior minister in 2005, senior pastor Donna Schaper has created a pioneering program to train future clergy in how to do "public ministry" from a congregational base, by providing part-time apprenticeships to seminarians and recent graduates. Also under her leadership, the church has taken a leadership role in the New Sanctuary Movement for immigrant rights.</p><br>
<h2>Mission</h2><br>
<p>The church&#39;s mission has long been self-described as being devoted to social outreach, and establishing programs designed to help those perceived to be in need, despite the controversial or sometimes, unpopular, nature of that help.</p><br>
<p>In the 1950s, the church was the first institution in the village to create a counseling program for drug addicts; in the 1960s, it led in helping to found a nationwide network of Protestant and Jewish clergy who aided women who needed abortions before abortion became legal. In the 1970s, the church operated a residence for runaway teens and established a Professional Women&#39;s Clinic for women engaged in prostitution; in the 1980s, it helped provide medical resources for people with AIDS.</p><br>
<p>In the first decade of the 21st century, the churchs clergy operated a relief fund for the families of restaurant workers who were killed during the September 11, 2001, attacks of New York Citys World Trade Center. Now, the church is active in the New Sanctuary Movement for immigrant rights.</p><br>
<h3>Early community outreach</h3><br>
<p>Verne E. Henderson joined the Judson staff in 1952 as its first Director of Community Service. A program for youth of the village &ndash; started originally by the Police Athletic League of New York City &ndash; blossomed under Henderson&#39;s leadership with more than two hundred youth attending one or more weekly events. Many youth were hard-core delinquents and drug users. Henderson appeared in courts on behalf of those facing legal action and began summer youth programs in upstate New York and Vermont. Henderson also inaugurated programs for local artists, remodeling the sanctuary for art shows and refurbishing abandoned offices as living quarters for resident artists. Henderson once invited Martha Graham to use the sanctuary for dress rehearsals, which eventually led to formation of the Judson Dance Theatre.</p><br>
<h2>Sponsorship of the arts</h2><br>
<p>Beginning in the 1950s, the church supported a radical arts ministry, first led by associate pastor Bernard Scott and subsequently by associate pastor Al Carmines. The church made space available to artists for art exhibitions, rehearsals, and performances. The church also assured that this space was to be a place where these artists could have the freedom to experiment in their work without fear of censorship. In 1957, the church offered gallery space to Claes Oldenburg, Jim Dine and Robert Rauschenberg, who were then unknown artists. In 1959, the Judson Gallery showed work by pop artists, Tom Wesselmann, Daniel Spoerri, and Red Grooms. Yoko Ono also had her work exhibited at the gallery.</p><br>
<p>The Judson Dance Theater, which began in 1962, provided a venue for dancers and choreographers including Trisha Brown, Lucinda Childs, Steve Paxton, David Gordon and Yvonne Rainer to create and show their work. Among others, these dancers and choreographers shaped dance history by creating postmodern dance, the first avant-garde movement in dance theater since the modern dance of the 1930s and 1940s. For the past several decades, Movement Research has presented concerts of experimental dance at the church on Monday evenings during the academic year.</p><br>
<p>In the 1970s, the church hosted various art shows and multimedia events. Most notable among these multimedia events was the People&#39;s Flag Show in November 1970, a six-day exhibition of painting and sculpture on the theme of the American flag. The exhibit and the accompanying symposium, featuring speeches by Abbie Hoffman and Kate Millet, attracted widespread attention from the public, the press and the police. During the final days of the exhibit, three of the contributing artists were arrested, both pastors (Moody and Carmines) were issued summons (not followed up), and the District Attorney closed the exhibit on charges of desecration of the American flag.</p><br>
<p>The Judson Poets Theatre started in November 1961 &ndash; with a play by poet Joel Oppenheimer &ndash; as one of three off-off-Broadway venues (the others were Caffe Cino and La MaMa Experimental Theatre Club). Experimental plays and musicals by later-famous authors and directors, including Sam Shepherd, Lanford Wilson and Tom OHorgan, were presented in the church&#39;s main Meeting Room. Starting in the late 1960s, Carmines began writing and producing his own musicals, and later, "oratorios" that used large volunteer choruses. Especially notable were several shows using texts by Gertrude Stein, music by Carmines, with direction by the Judson Poets Theatre director Lawrence Kornfeld.</p><br>
<p>In the 1980s, the church sponsored various political-theater performances, such as those by the Vermont-based Bread and Puppet Theater. These performances included Insurrection Opera and Oratario, performed in February and March 1984. In this performance, the Bread and Puppet Theater, under the direction of its founder, Peter Schumann, used opera and the companys now signature oversized puppets to convey an anti-nuclear message. The church has recently become the home of the West Village Chorale, directed by Michael Conley. The Chorales former home was St. Luke&#39;s in the Fields on Hudson Street.</p><br>
<p>The church celebrated its centennial in 1990 with performances and symposia involving many of the artists who had been involved with the arts ministry in the 1960s and 1970s. It continues both its support of the arts and its social outreach to the community.</p><br>
<h2>Building</h2><br>
<p>The church building is located at 54&ndash;57 Washington Square South. In addition to La Farges stained-glass windows and Saint-Guadenss marble frieze, it features Italian Renaissance influences wedded to a basic Italianate form, and has notable examples of scagliola, a very convincing handcrafted imitation of marble made of highly polished pigmented plaster. Overall, the exterior and shape of the building is said to resemble the Basilica di Santa Maria Maggiore in Rome, Italy, while the entrance is said to be inspired by the Renaissance church San Alessandro, built in Lucca, Italy, in 1480. The fourteen stained glass windows in the church&#39;s main sanctuary are the largest collection of major LaFarge windows in any one place in the USA</p><br>
<p>The campanile tower, located at 51&ndash;54 Washington Square South to the west of the church itself, was built in 1895&ndash;96, after the sanctuary had been completed, and was designed by the firm of McKim, Mead & White. The adjacent Hall, however, predates the church, having been built in 1877, and was designed by John G. Prague.</p><br>
<p>In 1999, facing financial difficulties, the churchs board of trustees sold the Judson House, the parish building behind the church, to New York University School of Law, which used the site for its new Furman Hall. At eleven stories tall, the new building now towers over the church and Washington Square Park beyond, causing considerable controversy in the community at the time of its construction. The churchs offices and a small assembly hall now occupy a condominium suite in one corner of the new building, adjacent to the main church, at 239 Thompson Street.</p><br>
<p>From 1990 to 2006, the church building was repainted, repainted, reroofed; the stained glass windows were cleaned and reinstalled by Cummings Studio; an elevator was installed to make the building accessible and air conditioning was added. These projects exhausted all the proceeds from the sale of the back lots, plus approximately $1 million additional, raised from contributions of arts patrons and the congregation.</p><br>
<h2>Ministers and staff</h2><br>
<p>Rev. Edward Judson (minister, 1890&ndash;1914)</p><br>
<p>Rev. A. Ray Petty (minister, 1915&ndash;1926)</p><br>
<p>Rev. Laurence T. Hosie (minister, 1926&ndash;1937)</p><br>
<p>Rev. Renato Giacomelli Alden ( minister to Italian-speaking congregation, 1937&ndash;1946; sole minister after Hosie&#39;s departure)</p><br>
<p>Rev. Elbert R. Tingley (City Society&#39;s appointed executive director for Judson, 1946&ndash;1948)</p><br>
<p>Rev. Dean Wright (Director, Judson House Student Program, 1948&ndash;1952)</p><br>
<p>Rev. Robert Spike (minister, 1949&ndash;1955)</p><br>
<p>Verne E Henderson, Director of Community Service during Spike&#39;s ministry (1952&ndash;1955)</p><br>
<p>Bernard (Bud) Scott (seminary intern under Spike; associate minister under Moody, 1957&ndash;1960), serving as missionary to the surrounding artistic community</p><br>
<p>Rev. Howard Moody (minister, 1956&ndash;1992)</p><br>
<p>Rev. Al Carmines (associate minister, 1961&ndash;1981)</p><br>
<p>Arthur A. Levin (Director of The Center for Medical Consumers, since 1976; also, administration for many church-related projects since 1966, including the Judson Teenage Arts Workshop, Judson mobile health project, and Judson Runaway House)</p><br>
<p>Arlene Carmen ("administrix" 1967&ndash;1994; "administrix" over those years encompassed first being Moody&#39;s secretary, then Church Administrator, and finally, in the mid-1980s, Program Associate was added to the Administrator title)</p><br>
<p>Roland Wiggins (sexton, mid-1970s-2016)</p><br>
<p>Rev. Dr. Lee Hancock (associate minister, 1981&ndash;1985)</p><br>
<p>Rev. Dr. Bill Malcomson (interim minister, 1992&ndash;1994)</p><br>
<p>Andrew Frantz (Sunday School Director, since 1993)</p><br>
<p>Rev. Peter Laarman (minister, 1994&ndash;2004)</p><br>
<p>Ryan Gillam (Special Program Associate for theatre, 1994&ndash;1996)</p><br>
<p>Aziza (Special Program Associate, 1993&ndash;2002) (producer for Licks n Licks, Single Mothers Workshop, Dance of African Descent Downtown)</p><br>
<p>Rev. Louise Green (associate minister, 1996&ndash;1998)</p><br>
<p>Rev. Karen Senecal (associate minister; sole minister after Laarman, 2000&ndash;2005)</p><br>
<p>Rev. Dr. Donna Schaper (minister, since January 2006)</p><br>
<p>Rev. Michael Ellick (assistant minister, 2008&ndash;2014)</p><br>
<p>Paul Russell (communications director, since 2011)</p><br>
<p>Micah Bucey (community minister of the arts, since 2011)</p><br>
<p>The World or The World Islands  is an artificial archipelago of various small islands constructed in the rough shape of a world map, located in the waters of the Persian Gulf, 4.0 km off the coast of Dubai, United Arab Emirates. The World islands are composed mainly of sand dredged from Dubais shallow coastal waters, and are one of several artificial island developments in Dubai. The Worlds developer is Nakheel Properties, and the project was originally conceived by Sheikh Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum, the ruler of Dubai.</p><br>
<p>Construction of the 300 islands began in 2003, only to halt due to the 2008 financial crisis. Though 60 percent of the islands had been sold off to private contractors back in 2008, development on most of these islands has failed to initiate. As of July 2012, the Lebanon Island was developed and was the only island that had so far been developed commercially, being used for private corporate events and public parties. As of late 2013, only two of the islands had been developed. In January 2014, Kleindienst Group announced the launch of "The Heart of Europe" project; by February 2014, one of Kleindienst Group&#39;s brands - JK Properties - announced in their monthly newsletter that the project was "well underway". The first of these series of islands will be Europe, Sweden and Germany with development led by Kleindienst Group. The floating Sea horse villas at St. Petersburg Island are scheduled to be delivered in Dec 2016 and the booking starts at 20%.</p><br>
<h2>Project</h2><br>
<p>Islands in the project range from 14000 to 42000 m2 in area. Distances between islands average 100 m; they are constructed from 321,000,000 m&sup3; of sand and 386 million tons of rock. Designed by Creative Kingdom Dubai, the development is an area that covers 6 by and is surrounded by an oval-shaped breakwater island. Roughly 232 km of shoreline was created. The World&#39;s overall development costs were estimated at $13 billion CAD in 2005.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The project was unveiled in May 2003 by Sheikh Mohammed and dredging began four months later in September 2003. By January 2008, 60% of the islands were sold, 20 of which were bought in the first four months of 2007. On 10 January 2008 the final stone on the breakwater was laid, completing development of the archipelago. As of July 2012, a second island, the Lebanon Island was developed and was the only island that has so far been developed commercially, is used for private corporate events and public parties.</p><br>
<h2>Project difficulties</h2><br>
<p>The Times Online reported in September 2009 that work on The World had been suspended due to the effects of the global financial crisis.</p><br>
<p>And in February 2010 the Daily Mail reported that the islands had started sinking back into the sea. This was later denied by Nakheel and independent technical reports as wholly inaccurate. Despite the denial, The Daily Telegraph reported in January 2011 that an independent company, Penguin Marine, provided verification on the erosion of the islands and the silting of the passageways between the islands. Due to finance and technical problems, Penguin Marine, the company contracted to provide transportation to the archipelago, is attempting to get out of the annual fees of $1.6 million paid to Nakheel properties.</p><br>
<p>As of early 2011, only one of the islands had been occupied by a building (a show home) on it, and commercial or residential properties were not currently being constructed on any of the other islands. Property prices in the Emirates had fallen 58 percent from their peak in the fourth quarter of 2008.</p><br>
<p>The world economic recovery from the Great Recession has resulted in a rebound for the Dubai real estate market: it has been reported that "residential prices rose by 17.9% from August 2012 to 2013, while rents soared by 14.9% in the same period."</p><br>
<p>Irish investor/businessman John O&#39;Dolan, who purchased the "Ireland" island, committed suicide in February 2009, after his consortium fell into financial difficulty.</p><br>
<h2>Purchase and development plans</h2><br>
<p>The World was supposed to be serviced by four major transportation hubs linked by waterways. Land parcels are supposedly zoned for various uses: estate, mid density, high density, resorts and commercial. A Dubai Infinity Holdings construction planner has stated that developers have been negotiating with Nakheel about temporary siting of a cement batching plant on one of the islands to supply subdivided construction.</p><br>
<p>The plan was for utilities to be routed under water, with water plants at each of the hubs pumping fresh water to the islands. Power was to be supplied by the Dubai Grid and distributed through underwater cables, however as of February 2015 no cables had been laid, so that developers currently have to provide their own power from diesel generators. Waste water and refuse systems are an individual concern for each island.</p><br>
<p>Nakheel Group is itself further developing a resort named Coral Island over 20 islands that make up the North American part of The World. The low-rise development will include a marina and hotel village.</p><br>
<p>The second largest confirmed development is the purchase of 14 islands that make up Australia and New Zealand by Investment Dar of Kuwait. The islands are being terraformed to be developed as a resort named OQYANA.</p><br>
<p>Irish business consortium Larionovo had plans to develop the Ireland island into an Irish-themed resort. The plans include a large internal marina, apartments and villas, a gym, hotel, and an Irish-themed pub. In July 2007 it was announced that the Ireland Island would feature a recreation of Northern Irelands Giants Causeway. However, on 25 November 2008 a provisional liquidator was appointed to Larionovo. The islands of Great Britain and Moscow on The World were acquired by Premier Real Estate Bureau in the Summer of 2008. News was leaked in a Daily Mail article of January 2009, refuting claims that Great Britain was owned by Richard Branson, Rod Stewart or John O&#39;Dolan.</p><br>
<p>In April 2008, Salya Corporation announced that it had acquired the islands of Finland and Brunei in The World and planned to develop them into fashion-themed resorts. Salya spent about Dh800 million ($218 million USD) to purchase the islands and plans to spend a further Dh2.4 billion ($654 million USD) on development. Brunei Island will be turned into a Fashion TV resort and Finland Island will be turned into a fashion community called FTV palace.</p><br>
<p>Safi Qurashi, the seven-time multi-millionaire entrepreneur at the head of Premier, and his business partner Mustafa Nagri, paid an estimated $64 million USD for the 11 acre piece of land; he was later convicted for non-payment of cheques and sentenced to seven years in jail.</p><br>
<p>However on appeal he was later found not guilty and released from prison in July 2012 when he was declared innocent of two of the three charges. and On the final charges the civil court final judgment showed he owed no money, was a victim of fraud and vindicated him completely by awarding 10.8 Million USD to be paid back to him by his former partner who had defrauded him. and Safi Qurashi is still the owner of GB Island and continues to live and run his businesses in Dubai and is still confident of developing the Island of GB into a unique destination.</p><br>
<p>Josef Kleindienst and his firm JK Properties are developing The Heart of Europe, a collection of six islands (Germany, Sweden, St. Petersburg, Main Europe, Switzerland and Monaco) in the European section of the World, into an island luxury resort. The resort is meant to create a fully immersive European experience, with outdoor snow, and stores accepting only the EURO as a currency.</p><br>
<h2>Timeline of construction</h2><br>
<p>May 2003: The World development was announced by Nakheel, total completion scheduled for 2008. It was initially to have 200 islands and an area of 60,000,000 ft&sup2;.</p><br>
<p>February 2004: It was announced that The World would comprise 260 islands, and its area would be 6 km by 9 km, with an area of 250 - for each island, with 50 - of water between each island.</p><br>
<p>August 2004: It was announced that land reclamation would cost at AED 7.3 billion ($2 billion).</p><br>
<p>April 2005: Sand dredging 55 percent complete, 88 islands had been completed.</p><br>
<p>30 March 2006: Richard Branson appeared at a media conference on the Great Britain island. However, this was to announce direct London-to-Dubai flights by Virgin Atlantic, and was not related to his investing in the project.</p><br>
<p>October 2006: Seven-time Formula One World Champion Michael Schumacher was presented with one of the islands by Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum on the occasion of his final Grand Prix, in Brazil. Schumachers manager Willi Weber, suggested, "Perhaps hell build a kart racing track on.</p><br>
<p>December 2006: The World reclamation 90 percent complete.</p><br>
<p>October 2007: Nakheel announced the sale of Ireland, and Shanghai in October 2007.</p><br>
<p>15 November 2007: Brad Pitt and Angelina Jolie were reported to have purchased the island Ethiopia. The claim has since been refuted.</p><br>
<p>January 2008: The World breakwater is completed.</p><br>
<p>19 February 2008: Cinnovation Group acquired a 37,000 m&sup2; island as part of a project valued at $200 million USD. Guest and residential villas and a hospitality complex are planned.</p><br>
<p>25 February 2008: Dubai Multi Commodities Centre announced that it will establish a 6,000 m&sup2; pearling and marine entertainment center in association with Paspaley Pearling Corporation. It will be located on an island in the Antarctic region of The World.</p><br>
<p>September 2008: Dubai&#39;s Limitless announced plans to develop a $161 million USD wellness resort on an island in "Siberia". Pearl Dubai paid $27.2 million USD for a 1,600,000 ft&sup2; island nearby.</p><br>
<p>28 December 2008: Turkey island was bought by Turkey&#39;s MNG Holdings in June 2008 for $19 million USD.</p><br>
<p>28 December 2008: China&#39;s Zhongzhou International announced that it will be developing a hotel resort on Shanghai island.</p><br>
<p>28 December 2008: Nakheel said 70 percent of The World had been sold.</p><br>
<p>October 2009: An Emirates Business report on 13 October 2009 that 2 islands were sold in July and August 2009.</p><br>
<p>December 2009: Dubai based Kleindienst Group said they would start construction of the Heart of Europe in early 2010, according to a press report of 17 December 2009. Islands include Austria, Germany, Netherlands, St Petersburg, Sweden and Switzerland.</p><br>
<p>January 2010: On 28 January 2010 Emirates Business reported that Major Trade had started development of their projects on an island in the Greenland area, a villa and hotel resort.</p><br>
<p>23 February 2010: Dubai-based Kleindienst Group started work on the Germany island of The World, according to a press release on 24 February 2010.</p><br>
<p>17 July 2012: The Royal Island Beach Club opened on Lebanon Island.</p><br>
<p>6 May 2013: Nakheel announces that an out of court settlement has been reached between itself and developer Kleindienst Group, allowing construction on "The Heart of Europe" to resume.</p><br>
<p>10 June 2013: Construction began on the island Taiwan.</p><br>
<p>2 July 2013: Nakheel announces that settlements "with São Paulo Development Ltd for São Paulo Island and a GCC investor for the purchase of Nord Island", totaling "AED185 million", along with the earlier out of court settlement with Kleindienst Group (valued at AED622 million) have "put The World back on the map".</p><br>
<p>10 December 2013: Nakheel announced plans to connect the islands with a road.</p><br>
<p>January 2014: Kleindienst Group&#39;s JK Properties announces that "ork has commenced on The Heart of Europe".</p><br>
<p>January 2014: Website "The Heart of Europe" publishes monthly construction updates for the project.</p><br>
<p>February 2014: JK Properties announces that the "Heart of Europe" islands construction is "well underway".</p><br>
<p>7 December 2016: The Heart of Europe project makes major progress when the Dubai-based company JK Bauen, part of the Kleindienst Group, appointed Chinese-based companies Wuchang Ship Building Industry Group and Sino Great Wall International Engineering in a joint venture to develop facilities on the six islands.</p><br>
<p>City Island, Daytona Beach, Florida, United States, is an island in the Halifax River  between mainland Florida and the barrier islands/outer banks. Buildings on the island include the Daytona Tortugas Jackie Robinson Ballpark, the citys courthouse, and the main branch of the Volusia County Library.</p><br>
<h2>Geology</h2><br>
<p>The bedrock of City Island is part of the Anastasia Formation of interbedded sands and coquinoid limestones (known as Coquina), created during the late Pleistocene Epoch. On top of the bedrock are layers of river sediments, built up and deposited by the Halifax River. Channel dredgings in the last 100 years were also deposited on City Island.</p><br>
<h2>Indigenous wildlife</h2><br>
<p>City Island is an urbanized area, resembling any small Florida city. The animal life on the island are typical of such an environment: squirrels, rabbits, abundant Green and Brown Anole lizards, occasional raccoons and skunk, as well as a large population of doves and pigeons.</p><br>
<p>The real diversity of wildlife on and around City Island are birds, especially aquatic species. There are many varieties of duck; mallards, clue-winged teal, and cormorants. American white ibis are common, as are brown pelicans, snowy egrets, great blue herons, great white egrets, and several types of gull. An occasional bald eagle or red-shouldered hawk can be seen overhead.</p><br>
<h2>Wildlife gallery</h2><br>
<p>Quadra Island is an island off the eastern coast of Vancouver Island, British Columbia, Canada, part of the Discovery Islands located within the Strathcona Regional District. Quadra Island is about 35 km from its northernmost point to its southernmost point. The island at its narrowest point, on its southern peninsula, is less than 2 km wide, and at its widest point, about 15 km wide. In area Quadra island comprises about 310 km&sup2;. The population of island and surrounding mainland inlets, as of the 2006 federal census , was 2,472, down from the 2001 federal census count of 2,548. In 1903 it was named after the Spanish navigator Juan Francisco de la Bodega y Quadra, who explored and settled the Vancouver Island area in the late 18th century. It is separated from Vancouver Island by Discovery Passage, and from Cortes Island, and is linked to that island by a ferry from Heriot Bay on its eastern shore. The island has many beaches, trails, lakes, and parks. Main Lake Provincial Park is located on the northern part of the island, and Rebecca Spit Marine Provincial Park is on the eastern shore, near Heriot Bay.</p><br>
<p>Few of the island&#39;s soils are well suited to agriculture. Most are coarse and, in well-drained areas, have classic podzol profile development; they are mapped as Kye loamy sand and Quinsam gravelly sandy loam. A small area of dark well-drained unpodzolized soil (Lazo loamy sand) is mapped around the southeast corner. Dashwood gravelly loamy sand, a brown podzolic trending to podzol, is commonly associated with Kye and Quinsam. Imperfectly drained areas have brown podzolic Bowser loamy sand or classic podzol Sayward loamy sand. The more moist Custer loamy sand, a groundwater podzol, is present locally. Poorly drained areas have Arrowsmith peat, Parksville sandy loam, or Tolmie loam (the latter two are gleysols).</p><br>
<p>There are two small business centres on the island, one near the Vancouver Island BC Ferry terminal at Quathiaski Cove, and one near the Cortes Island ferry terminal at Heriot Bay. The island is home to a thriving art community, as well as a growing number of white-collar professionals who commute to Campbell River on Vancouver Island.</p><br>
<p>There is an elementary school on the island. Schoolchildren in grades 6–12 travel by ferry to Campbell River to attend École Phoenix Middle School or Carihi Secondary School. The Cape Mudge Reserve on the southern tip of the island is home to the We-wai-kai, one of the main bands comprising the Southern Kwakiutl (the other being the We-wai-kum based in Campbell River on Vancouver Island). Together they are known as the Laich-kwil-tach (historically known as the Euclataws or Yucultas, names more familiar to speakers of British Columbia English). The Nuyumabalees Cultural Centre is located within the Cape Mudge Village and holds an important collection of art from earlier times, items that were repatriated after many years from museums elsewhere.</p><br>
<p>The Southern Kwakiutl (part of the larger Kwakwaka&#39;wakw ethnic grouping) migrated into the northern Georgia Strait from Queen Charlotte Strait over two centuries ago, displacing and absorbing the Comox and Pentlatch peoples who formerly lived there.</p><br>
<p>SS. Cyril and Methodius Seminary is a four-year private Polish seminary in Orchard Lake, Michigan, United States. The seminary, taking its name from Saints Cyril and Methodius, was founded in 1885 in Detroit, Michigan, to prepare candidates for the Roman Catholic priesthood primarily to serve Polish American immigrant communities.</p><br>
<h2>Early history</h2><br>
<p>Approval for founding such a seminary was granted on January 14, 1879, by Pope Leo XIII upon the petition of Father Leopold Moczygemba, a Conventual Franciscan, founder of the Polish settlement in Panna Maria, Texas, in 1854.</p><br>
<p>The establishment of the seminary was realized by Father Joseph Dabrowski, the first rector, who obtained approval from Bishop Caspar Borgess of Detroit for constructing a building on St. Aubin Avenue between Forest Avenue and Garfield Street and organizing the seminary program.</p><br>
<h2>The move to Orchard Lake</h2><br>
<p>Increasing enrollment and the need for additional space led the second rector, Father Witold Buchaczkowski, to transfer the seminary in 1909 from Detroit to the site of the former Michigan Military Academy in the rural village of Orchard Lake, northwest of Detroit.</p><br>
<h2>The early program</h2><br>
<p>The original academic program of the seminary consisted of ten years of studies: five in the preparatory classical department and five in the upper division, namely, two in philosophy and three in theology. In 1927, three four-year administratively independent schools were established: SS. Cyril and Methodius Seminary, St. Marys College, and St. Marys Preparatory, known collectively at present as the Orchard Lake Schools.</p><br>
<h2>Current academic programs</h2><br>
<p>In 1968, the Seminary began to provide a training program for permanent deacons, field education for seminarians, and continuing education for adults. In the ensuing years, the following degree programs were introduced: Master of Divinity (1973) for priesthood candidates, religious, and lay women and men; Master of Religious Education (1977), later designated as Master of Arts in Religious Education (1989); and Master of Arts in Pastoral Ministry (1989), an upgrading of the Certificate in Pastoral Ministry, which had been in existence since 1975.</p><br>
<h2>Accreditation</h2><br>
<p>In 1971, SS. Cyril and Methodius Seminary became an associate member of the Association of Theological Schools in the United States and Canada (ATS). In 1992 the seminary was granted candidacy for accredited status in the association and undertook a two-year self-study as part of the process leading toward accreditation. SS. Cyril and Methodius Seminary was granted initial accreditation by ATS in January, 1995.</p><br>
<p>Kiato  is a town in the northern part of Corinthia in the Peloponnese, Greece. It is the seat of the municipality of Sikyona. Kiato is situated on the Gulf of Corinth, near the mouth of the river Asopos. It has much tourist activity mainly in the summer. The ancient city Sicyon was located 4 km southwest of present Kiato. Kiato is 4 km northwest of Velo, 13 km southeast of Xylokastro and 18 km northwest of Corinth. The Greek National Road 8A  passes southwest of the town. It has a station on the railway from Patras to Corinth, and it is the western terminus of a Proastiakos  line to Athens.</p><br>
<h2>Historical population</h2><br>
<h2>Notable people</h2><br>
<p>Emilios T. Harlaftis (1965–2005) Astrophysicist</p><br>
<p>Alexandros Alexandris Footballer</p><br>
<p>Asteris Kovatzis Poet/Diplomat</p><br>
<p>Eleni Koutsoukis (?-2015) Cookie manufacturer</p><br>
<p>Te Awarua-o-Porirua Harbour, commonly known as Porirua Harbour, is a natural inlet in the south-western coast of the North Island of New Zealand. The city of Porirua, one of the four cities in the Wellington conurbation, surrounds it. The city centre is to the south of the harbour. The harbour has an entrance only a few hundred metres in width, close to the suburb of Plimmerton. It opens up into two arms, Porirua Inlet to the south and Pauatahanui Inlet to the north-east. Each arm is around three kilometres in length.</p><br>
<p>Part of the Porirua Inlet was reclaimed for a causeway carrying the North Island Main Trunk railway when the section between Porirua and Mana was straightened and double tracked. The new section of the Kapiti Line was opened on 7 November 1960. A new Paremata Railway Station and bridge over the entrance to the Pauatahanui Inlet were required.</p><br>
<p>The line no longer followed the curves of the shoreline bays north of Porirua, and three shallow lagoons on the land side of the new causeway were created. When State Highway 1 was re-aligned and straightened in the 1970s to run alongside the rail line, these lagoons were partially filled in. Aotea Lagoon was developed into a recreational area, albeit very polluted.</p><br>
<p>The name of the harbour was officially altered to Te Awarua-o-Porirua Harbour in August 2014.</p><br>
<h2>Pauatahanui Inlet</h2><br>
<p>The Pauatahanui Inlet arm of the harbour extends eastward to the settlement of Pauatahanui. The wetland there where the Pauatahanui Stream enters the Pauatahanui Inlet, is the largest remaining estuarine wetland in the lower North Island, and the Pauatahanui Wildlife Reserve was established in the 1980s to protect the inlet&#39;s environment and to restore damaged areas.</p><br>
<p>The Avoca  is a river in County Wicklow, Ireland. It is contained completely within the county. Its length is 35 miles .</p><br>
<p>The Avoca starts life as two rivers, the Avonmore and the Avonbeg. These join together at a spot called the Meeting of the Waters (Cumar an dá Uisce) in the Vale of Avoca, which is considered a local beauty spot, and was celebrated by Thomas Moore in his song of the same name.</p><br>
<p>The village of Avoca is situated on the river.</p><br>
<p>The Avoca flows into the Irish Sea at Arklow where it widens into a large estuary, giving Arklow its Irish language name an t-Inbhear Mór (the big inlet).</p><br>
<p>The catchment area of the Avoca is 652 km.</p><br>
<p>The long term average flow rate of the Avoca is 20.2 Cubic Metres per second (m/s)</p><br>
<h2>Name</h2><br>
<p>The Avoca was originally called Abhainn Mhór / Abhainn Dé (great river/Gods river); the present name was derived from Oboka (Οβοκα), the name of a river in Ptolemys Geography, which was thought to correspond to the Avoca (Ovoca). Oboka more likely refers to the Liffey.</p><br>
<h2>Industry</h2><br>
<p>The valley of the Avoca has a large copper mine, and further downstream was the NET fertilizer factory (closed since 2002). These are said to have contributed greatly to pollution in the lower reaches of the river.</p><br>
<h2>Transport</h2><br>
<p>The railway line from Dublin to Rosslare also passes along the Vale of Avoca, cutting inland from its mainly coastal route and the R752 road tightly follows the west bank of the Avoca from The Meetings to Arklow.</p><br>
<p>The River Slaney is a large river in the southeast of Ireland. It rises on Lugnaquilla Mountain in the western Wicklow Mountains and flows west and then south through counties Wicklow, Carlow and Wexford for 117.5 km , before entering St George&#39;s Channel in the Irish Sea at Wexford town. The estuary of the Slaney is wide and shallow and is known as Wexford Harbour. The catchment area of the River Slaney is 1,762 km.</p><br>
<p>The long term average flow rate of the River Slaney is 37.4 Cubic Metres per second (m/s)</p><br>
<p>Towns on the Slaney include Stratford-on-Slaney, Baltinglass, Tullow, Bunclody, Enniscorthy and Wexford. Over the river&#39;s 117 kilometre course, it is crossed by 32 road bridges and one railway bridge.</p><br>
<h2>Wildlife</h2><br>
<p>Varied and plentiful wildlife can be found in the environs of the river. In Wicklow, herds of deer can be seen, as well as swans, dippers, wild ducks, herons and kingfishers. At dusk, bats, owls and otters may be seen, while the mudflats of the estuary are favoured by black-headed gulls, redshanks and oystercatchers. The rare goosander can be seen on the Slaney at Kildavin. In season, salmon and trout and pike are fished.</p><br>
<h2>Tributaries</h2><br>
<p>Tributaries of the Slaney include the River Derreen, the River Derry, the River Clody, the River Bann, the River Urrin, the River Boro, and the River Sow.</p><br>
<p>Rivers of Ireland</p><br>
<p>Dovestone Reservoir lies at the convergence of the valleys of the Greenfield and Chew Brooks above the village of Greenfield, on Saddleworth Moor in Greater Manchester, England. The reservoir is on the edge of the Peak District National Park in the South Pennines. It supplies drinking water to the surrounding area and is a tourist attraction, offering several walks amongst picturesque landscapes.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>John Platt of Oldham built a Neo-Gothic mansion at Ashway Gap on the south side of the valley in 1850. It was used as a shooting lodge but after his brother James&#39;s death in a shooting accident on the moor above it, the house was left empty. The house was later acquired by the Ashton-under-Lyne, Stalybridge and Dukinfield Waterworks Joint Committee. Boundary stones demarcating the extent of the estate are located at intervals along the footpaths along the south side of the reservoir. During World War I the waterworks board offered the house for use as a hospital. It was demolished in 1981.</p><br>
<p>On the northern end of Dove Stone Moss, above the Ashway Gap, the Ashway Stone is a memorial to James Platt, MP for Oldham, who was killed by an accidental discharge of the gun of Josiah Radcliffe, the Mayor of Oldham.</p><br>
<p>The reservoir scheme in the Greenfield and Chew Valleys by the Ashton-Under-Lyne, Stalybridge and Dukinfield Waterworks Joint Committee commenced in 1870. The scheme was completed with Dovestone Reservoir in 1968 to collect water from the surrounding moorland. The main contractor was A.E. Farr (Civil Engineers) of Westbury, Wiltshire. Its construction was opposed by local mill owners, who claimed that damming the river would cut off their water supply. As a result, a tunnel was built higher up in the hillside to bypass the reservoir.</p><br>
<p>During a visit in 1981 to attend the wedding of Prince Charles and Princess Diana, King Taufa&#39;ahau Tupou IV of Tonga visited Dovestone Reservoir. To commemorate the visit, a carved stone has been set into the dam wall of the Yeoman Hey Reservoir.</p><br>
<p>In December 2015, a man who travelled from London to Manchester and walked to a location close to the reservoir, died on the Chew Track. He was identified as David Lytton in January 2017.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>The reservoir lies at the convergence of the valleys of the Greenfield and Chew Brooks above Greenfield in the South Pennines. It is the lowest and largest of three reservoirs in the Greenfield Valley. Above it are the Yeoman Hey, built in 1880, and Greenfield Reservoirs. Chew Reservoir is in the upper Chew Valley and at 1,600 feet (488 metres) above sea level was the highest reservoir in the British Isles when it was built in 1914. The reservoirs are surrounded by moorland and, above the valley, high rocky outcrops.</p><br>
<p>The A635 road to Holmfirth passes to the west and north of the reservoirs.</p><br>
<h2>Dam</h2><br>
<p>The Ashton under Lyne, Stalybridge & Dukinfield Joint Committee obtained an Act of Parliament in 1958 enabling it to build the reservoir. The committee engaged G.H. Hill & Sons as engineers and the contractor was A. E. Farr & Company. J.B. Blayney was employed as landscape architect as required by the Act. Work started in 1960 and was finished in October 1966.</p><br>
<p>The dam&#39;s earth embankment is 38 metres high and 550 metres in length. It is 4.25 metres wide at the crest and is 183 metres at the widest point at its base. A concrete cutoff in a 23 metre deep trench makes a seal between the foundations and the earthworks preventing leaks. Above the concrete cutoff is the clay core. Dovestone is possibly the last large dam to be built in Britain with a conventional puddle clay core. The volume of the dam is 34,000 cubic metres.</p><br>
<p>The dam wall does not have a traditional spillway to control water height but discharges into a tunnel under the side of the valley, via a large bell-mouth drop-shaft overflow in one corner, a feature not normally seen on Pennine dams ⁬which usually have masonry spillways.</p><br>
<p>On the dam wall near the drop shaft is an ingeniously-designed emergency overflow consisting of three metal troughs that when full tip water over a wall where it runs across the road and back into the river below. The emergency overflow is activated if a flash flood of approximately two metres of water occurs.</p><br>
<h2>Recreation</h2><br>
<p>Access to the reservoir is via the A635 road to the pay and display car parks. There are toilets at Binn Green and at the main car park. The Peak District Park Ranger Service maintains an office next to the main car park and rangers patrol the reservoirs and park at weekends.</p><br>
<p>The reservoirs and surrounding moorland attract walkers and hikers. Joggers compete in a race every Friday evening in the summer months. The path around Dovestone is well maintained, gravelled and relatively flat. Leading off its circular path are paths to Chew Reservoir, towards the car park at Binn Green and along the Greenfield Valley past the Yeoman Hey and Greenfield Reservoirs. Dovestone Sailing Club uses the reservoir. The Chew Valley is a gritstone climbing area visited by climbers and boulderers</p><br>
<p>Started in 1999, the "Life for a Life" plantation allows people to pay to have a tree planted in the name of a loved one. More than 700 trees have been planted.</p><br>
<p>In 2010, the Royal Society for the Protection of Birds established an interest in the area, and decided to manage the surrounding moorland and woodland, in association with United Utilities.</p><br>
<p>Strinesdale is a reservoir situated on the A62 between Oldham and Delph in Greater Manchester, England. The town of Rochdale is to the north and the town of Oldham to the south.</p><br>
<p>Strinesdale is an area of water and woodland covering approximately 40 acres (162,000 m). In 1991, the reservoirs were drained and replaced by two smaller lakes with the old reservoir sites being planted with trees and grassland. The original reservoirs were built in 1828 and the erected plaque can be seen at Upper Strinesdale. Herons and kestrels can be seen on the lakeside and as the woodland develops it will provide shelter for animals and birds and many varieties of wild flowers.</p><br>
<p>Strinesdale derives its name from the Old English "Strine" meaning boundary in connotation to the old Lancashire/Yorkshire boundary that ran through the middle of the site; since 1974 the whole area lies in Greater Manchester.</p><br>
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<p>Canadarago Lake is the second largest lake in Otsego County, New York, USA, lying to the west of and parallel to the larger Otsego Lake. The lake&#39;s name is also spelled "Candajarago Lake" or "Caniadaraga Lake".</p><br>
<p>The lake has two islands. One island is known as Deowongo Island. The island&#39;s name is said to mean, "Place of Hearing", coming from the Oneida Iroquois nation’s language, and was given to the island because of the echo that was noticeable from that body of land. The island was protected in October 2012 and is currently open for public access. The other island is Loon Island which is a sunken island that disappeared in the early 19th century.</p><br>
<h2>Bordering areas</h2><br>
<p>Canadarago lake runs from the Village of Richfield Springs at the north end to the community of Schuyler Lake at the south end. The lake has historically also been known as Schuyler Lake, and the community mentioned earlier still bears this name.</p><br>
<p>The northern end of the lake is in the Town of Richfield, and the southern end is in the Town of Exeter on the west and the Town of Otsego on the east.</p><br>
<p>The lake is surrounded by hills, used historically for agriculture.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>The lake is located at 42&deg; latitude, 48.9&deg; longitude in central New York.</p><br>
<p>Canadarago Lake is a dimictic lake surviving a previous glacial period.</p><br>
<p>The lake is approximately 5 mi long and 1.5 mi wide. There is a small island near the eastern shore. The surface area is 7.6 km&sup2;. The maximum depth is 13 meters (43 ft). The lake watershed drains 174 km&sup2;. There is a sunken island on Canadarago Lake. It was called Loon Island. This island stood toward the north end of the lake toward the northwest side, near the Baker’s Beach area. Loon Island was less than an acre. It disappeared in the early part of the 19th Century.</p><br>
<p>Ocquionis Creek feeds into the lake from the north, and Oaks Creek drains from the south through a bog, ultimately flowing into the Susquehanna River.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>In 1872, a small steamboat was launched on the lake as a pleasure craft.</p><br>
<p>The island on Canadarago is called Deowongo Island (De-O-Won-Go) by the Oneida Indians who lived in the area. The name is said to mean, "Place of Hearing", and was given to the island because of the echo that was noticeable from that body of land. The island was purchased from the State of New York by Daniel Wormer in 1850.</p><br>
<p>Until the early part of the 19th century, there was a second island on the lake called Loon Island. Smaller than the island that remains on Canadarago today, Loon Island was only half an acre in size. Its southern shore was marshy, but the northern end of the island (toward Richfield Springs) had trees and vegetation. In 1816..."the year without a summer", there was an early spring thaw and the streams that feed Canadarago were running high. Their water flow covered the lake ice. A north wind blew the ice pack into the southern portion of the lake. Not long after that, there was a hard freeze and the winds shifted from out of the south. The ice pack, larger than before, was sent back in the opposite direction. The saw effect took off the surface soil of the island and took down the trees and vegetation. It has been under water ever since.</p><br>
<p>Incompletely treated sewage from Richfield Springs caused algae blooms, but better treatment instigated during the 1970s has abated this problem.</p><br>
<p>June 2006 saw massive flooding of its banks after record rainfall. Legislation to create a Canadarago Lake District was approved by the New York State Legislature in 2007 but was subsequently vetoed by Governor Eliot Spitzer.</p><br>
<p>In 1778, there was an event known as the Andrustown Massacre during the American Revolutionary War near Canadarago Lake. There is a marker south of Hendersonville on the road to the lake known as the “Leatherstocking Trail”, which is a reminder of this massacre. In 1902, an electric railroad was opened south of Herkimer and Mohawk to Jordanville, Richfield Springs, Canadarago Lake, Cooperstown and Oneonta.</p><br>
<p>Many cottages have been built around the lake.</p><br>
<h2>Fishing</h2><br>
<p>One of the lake’s biggest attractions is fishing. There are many species of fish in the lake with Black Bass, Yellow Perch, and walleye being the most popular to fish. The lake’s walleye population is being supplemented with approximately 40,000 Walleyes four to five inches in length (NYS Department of Environmental Conservation). They are being supplemented annually through 2016, where they will be re-evaluated and most likely stocked once every two to three years. During the summer, there are multiple bass tournaments to show off who can catch the most impressive sized bass. Ice fishing is also permitted during the winter months.</p><br>
<p>There are different regulations for fishing on the lake including a catch limit and season. Black Bass season goes from December first to the third Saturday in June and there is a limit of five fish per day. The walleye population goes from the first Saturday in May to March fifteenth with a limit of five fish per day. As for Yellow Perch, the season is open all year and a limit of twenty five per day.In recent years yellow perch and other fishing in this lake have deteriorated due to over introduction of small bait fish by NYSDEC.</p><br>
<p>Ladds Addition is an inner southeast historic district of Portland, Oregon, United States. It is Portlands oldest planned residential development, and one of the oldest in the western United States. The district is known in Portland for a diagonal street pattern, which is at odds with the rectilinear grid of the surrounding area. Roughly eight blocks  by ten blocks  in size , Ladd&#39;s is bordered by SE Hawthorne, Division, 12th, and 20th streets. It is part of the Hosford-Abernethy neighborhood association.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Ladds Addition is named after William S. Ladd, a merchant and mid-19th-century Portland mayor who owned a 126 acre farm on the land. In 1891 (when the city of East Portland was merged into Portland) Ladd subdivided the land for residential use. Rather than follow the standard orthogonal grid of the surrounding area, Ladd, inspired by the LEnfant Plan for Washington, D.C., created a diagonal "wagon wheel" arrangement, including four small diamond-shaped rose gardens and a central traffic circle surrounding a park. It is also one of the few areas in Portland with alleys, with street elevations mostly uninterrupted by curb cuts.</p><br>
<p>The homes in the district, mostly developed between 1905 and 1930 (after Ladd&#39;s death), have been called a "architecturally rich mix of compatible early 20th century styles", notable for their "continuity of scale, setback, orientation, and materials." Architectural styles represented include bungalow, craftsman, American Foursquare, Mission, Tudor, and Colonial Revival.</p><br>
<h2>Ecology</h2><br>
<p>The narrow streets of Ladds Addition are lined with American Elm trees. The Save Our Elms organization inoculates the elm trees yearly against Dutch elm disease. Each of the four smaller, diamond-shaped "circles" to the east, west, north, and south contains one of Portlands rose test gardens. Friends of Ladd&#39;s Addition Gardens regularly solicits money and volunteers to maintain the rose gardens. Ladd named most of the streets after trees, but he named SE Ladd Avenue and SE Elliott Avenue for himself and his wife, who was born Caroline Elliott.</p><br>
<h2>Historic preservation</h2><br>
<p>The area was designated a historic district by the National Register of Historic Places in 1988.</p><br>
<p>Pico Duarte is the highest peak in the Dominican Republic, and all the Caribbean islands. It is located about 53 miles north-east of the regions lowest point, Lake Enriquillo. The mountain lies in the Cordillera Central range, the greatest of the Dominican Republics mountain chains. The Cordillera Central extends from the plains between San Cristóbal and Baní to the northwestern peninsula of Haiti, where it is known as Massif du Nord. The highest elevations of the Cordillera Central are found in the Pico Duarte and Valle Nuevo massifs.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The first reported climb was made in 1851 by the British consul Sir Robert Hermann Schomburgk. He named the mountain "Monte Tina" and estimated its height at 3,140 m. In 1912, Father Miguel Fuertes dismissed Schomburgks calculations after climbing La Rucilla and judging it to be the tallest summit of the island. A year later, Swedish botanist Erik Leonard Ekman sided with the Englishmans estimate, and called the sister summits "Pelona Grande" and "Pelona Chica" ("Big Pelona" and "Small Pelona", respectively). During the Rafael Trujillo Molina regime, the taller of the two was called "Pico Trujillo". After the dictators death, it was renamed Pico Duarte, in honor of Juan Pablo Duarte, one of the Dominican Republics founding fathers. At the summit is an east-facing bronze bust of Duarte atop a stone pedestal, next to a flagpole that flies the Dominican flag and a cross.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>The mountains elevation was debated for decades, up until the mid-1990s, when it was still held to be 3,175 meters high. In 2003 it was measured by a researcher using GPS technology and it was found to be 3,098 meters. The official elevation as recorded by Dominican government agencies is 3,087 meters (as can be seen written on the sign in the photo), a measurement that has been confirmed by several groups of hikers using personal GPS consoles (the most recent verified one in January 2005). Despite this, SRTM data indicates that the professional survey is probably more accurate. It is only a few meters taller than La Pelona, its twin which stands at 3,084, and from which it is separated by a col between summits that is approximately 1.5 km wide, and is officially named Valle del Baíto, but unofficially called Valle de Lilís. The cols mean elevation is 2,950 meters.</p><br>
<h2>Ecology</h2><br>
<p>The area has a climate that very few would associate as typical of a Caribbean island, with cool temperatures all year round, going several degrees below freezing during winter nights.</p><br>
<p>The mountain and the surrounding landscape are covered in pino de cuaba (Pinus occidentalis) forests. The pines frequently host the epiphytes guajaca (Tillandsia spp.) and the parasitic Dendropemon pycnophyllus. Some areas, like the Valle de Lilís, are treeless meadows of tussock-like pajones (Danthonia domingensis). The understory is composed of shrub such as Lyonia heptamera, Myrica picardae, Myrsine coriacea, Ilex tuerkheimii, Garrya fadyenii and Baccharis myrsinites. All of these species are adapted to the acidic soil of the area.</p><br>
<p>Birds seen in the area include the endemic Hispaniolan palm crow (Corvus palmarum palmarum), Antillean siskin (Carduelis dominicensis), rufous-throated solitaire (Myadestes genibarbis), Hispaniolan crossbill (Loxia megaplaga) (abundance directly related to pine cone crop), and Hispaniolan trogon (Priotelus roseigaster); at lower elevations the Hispaniolan amazon (Amazona ventralis), scaly-naped pigeon (Patagioenas squamosa) and golden swallow (Tachycineta euchrysea) can be seen. There are two extant mammals endemic to Hispaniola whose remaining range includes the broadleaf forests of lower elevations: the primarily nocturnal Hispaniolan solenodon (Solenodon paradoxus) and the Hispaniolan hutia (Plagiodontia aedium). Both are endangered and rarely seen. Wild boars, descendants of animals introduced to the island during the colonial period, have been reported.</p><br>
<p>A wildfire in 2003 altered the landscape of a large section of the eastern side of the mountain. As of 2008, the hillside of charred trees is now a new-growth forest. While thousands of charred trees are still standing, a large variety of indigenous grasses and small plants are now growing.</p><br>
<h2>Climbing information</h2><br>
<p>There is a system of trails leading up to the summit, with trailheads at several locations (see topo map for their final stretches to the summit). The easiest access is from the town of La Ciénaga, near Jarabacoa. The trail is 23.1 km to the summit, with a total elevation change of 1,977 meters, and a shelter 5 km away from the summit at La Comparticion. Tourist-friendly travel agencies in the town of Jarabacoa can help arrange trips from this trailhead, using mules in their employ to help lug food, sleeping bags and supplies for the overnight stay in the shelter. A few fresh water springs labeled "potable" are along the trail, but water filters or purifying tablets are recommended. The majority of hikers travel by this route.</p><br>
<p>A trailhead northwest of the town of San Juan de la Maguana is the starting point for four-day (three-night) trips that end at the Ciénaga trailhead (or, for an extra day of hiking, back at the starting location), which are run entirely by local Dominicans who cook the food you provide and help you camp along the way. Each night is spent in shelters, and due to the distance traveled, riding by mule-back is strongly encouraged. Far off the beaten path, it is highly unlikely that there will be anyone else on the trail until you merge with the trail from La Ciénaga. Fluency in Spanish is recommended for anyone that attempts this route.</p><br>
<p>According to Dominican Park Service representatives in La Cienaga, while approximately 1,000 hikers visit Pico Duarte during each of the months of December and January, only about 10 to 15 people a day hike the mountain during off-season months.</p><br>
<p>Lanyon Quoit is a dolmen in Cornwall, England, United Kingdom, 2 miles southeast of Morvah. It collapsed in a storm in 1815 and was re-erected 9 years later, and as a result the dolmen is now very different from its original appearance.</p><br>
<h2>Location</h2><br>
<p>Lanyon Quoit is located northwest of Penzance on the road between Madron and Morvah. It stands 50 metres to the east of the road.</p><br>
<p>700 metres to the west lie the remains of another dolmen known as West Lanyon Quoit.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>Lanyon Quoit currently has three support stones which stand to a height of 1.5 metres. These bear a capstone which is 5.5 metres long, and which weighs more than 12 tonnes.</p><br>
<p>In the 18th century the quoit had four supporting stones and the structure was tall enough for a person on horse back to ride under. On 19 October 1815, Lanyon Quoit fell down in a storm. Nine years later enough money was raised by local inhabitants to re-erect the structure, under the guidance of Captain Giddy of the Royal Navy. One of the original stones was considered too badly damaged to put back in place, thus there are only three uprights today and the structure does not stand as high as it once did. The reconstruction also placed the structure at right angles to its original position.</p><br>
<p>The quoit lies at the north end of a long barrow 26 metres long and 12 metres wide. The barrow, which is covered by grass and bracken, is damaged and its outline is difficult to see. At the south end of the barrow are some more large stones which may be the remains of one or more cists.</p><br>
<h2>Investigations</h2><br>
<p>In 1769 William Borlase described the megalithic site for the first time in a publication, illustrated with etchings in which the Lanyon Quoits design and floor plan has a different look from today. Lanyon Quoit collapsed in a storm in 1815 and was re-erected in 1824. An etching from 1857 by R. T. Pentreath shows the megaliths in their presently known arrangement. A similar drawing appears in the 1864 book A Week at the Lands End by John Thomas Blight.</p><br>
<p>In 1872 William Copeland Borlase, a descendant of the earlier Borlase, conducted further investigations and excavations were carried out. He reproduced the etchings of his ancestor and found them much more valuable than any other contemporary sketch since the monument had been subjected to such considerable change. In 1952 the then owner Edward Bolitho from Tregwainton donated the plot of land with the monument to the National Trust.</p><br>
<p>Old Saint Paul&#39;s Cemetery is a cemetery located in downtown Baltimore, Maryland, United States. It is noted for the several important historical figures that are interred in its grounds.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1988.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The first cemetery of Saint Pauls Church (Protestant Episcopal) in Baltimore was located at the future intersection of Sollers Road and North Point Road in what is now the area of Dundalk in southeastern Baltimore County. The original small church of St. Pauls Parish of the established Church of England was one of the "Original Thirty" parishes designated for the colonial Province of Maryland and was founded in 1692 and considered to be the first and oldest church in Baltimore County and City and one of the oldest in the State. In 1730, the Parish Church of St. Paul&#39;s was moved from near Colgate Creek on the "Patapsco Neck" peninsula to the new burgeoning town of Baltimore overlooking "The Basin" at the head of the Patapsco River on its Northwest Branch, and Lot #19 was purchased in the "Original Survey" of that year by county surveyor Phillip Jones from Charles Carroll of Annapolis.</p><br>
<p>As the designated parish for the new Baltimore County, which then included most of northeastern Maryland when it was "erected" (established) in 1659, the first St. Paul&#39;s was located around the vicinity of the lower Colgate Creek which flowed into the Patapsco River and is assumed that the cemetery would be located somewhere nearby. The small earlier "county seat" for the new County was "old Joppa", located in the middle portion then of what was the "Old County" (including modern Baltimore City and County, Harford, Cecil, Carroll, and portions of Anne Arundel, Howard and Kent Counties), now in the vicinity of the post-Second World War suburban development of "Joppatowne" and an earlier "Baltimore" located on the Bush River, until the county seat was moved in 1767-68to the new burgeoning "Baltimore Town", with a flourishing port established in 1706, and a small town laid out in 1729-30.</p><br>
<p>The church site was probably in the area of the future aviation sites of "Logan Field", "Baltimore Municipal Airport" (later known as "Harbor Field" after World War II), and now the grounds of the "Dundalk Marine Terminal" and "Sea Girt Marine Terminal" of the facilities for the Port of Baltimore Laid out in 1692, along with the Parish, this churchyard is the oldest cemetery that is known to have existed in the Baltimore metropolitan area.</p><br>
<p>About 1760, those remains were exhumed and moved to the new Saint Pauls Burial Ground which surrounded the original church, which was the first building in the new town to be built of brick and completed after 9 years of work in 1739 at Forest Street (now North Charles Street) and the intersecting east-west lane which later became East Saratoga Street after the American Revolution to commemorate the famous "turning point" battle in 1777 along the Hudson River in New York State. To the east lay the Jones Falls Bluffs which stood from 1739 to 1817, over the southwestward "loop" of the stream before its course was further north. Below the cliffs was another lane which was named for the church as "Saint Pauls Lane" (to become St. Paul Street and in the southern portion after construction of the terraced "Preston Gardens" in the 1920s, became known as Saint Paul Place. To the south at the then limit of the lot was laid out New Church Street which later became East and West Lexington Streets (also after the Revolution), one block south of the later church buildings. That building was replaced by another in (1812, 1813-17?) of Greek Revival design by famous local architect Robert Cary Long, Jr. which burned in 1854 and was later replaced by the present building in 1856 which fills that entire property, at the current intersection of North Charles and East Saratoga Streets.</p><br>
<p>In the late 18th century, the Vestry of Old St. Paul&#39;s Church was faced with the need for a third cemetery. Cemeteries had never been viewed as good neighbors, aside from the fact that they contained the bodies and souls of the departed (who, it was believed, had the ability to wander the land), they could become unsightly and even unhealthy.</p><br>
<p>Therefore, a new cemetery site was purchased in 1800 on the western edge of town. This site is bordered on the west by Martin Luther King Boulevard (Cove Street at the time of purchase, later Fremont Avenue), Lombard Street on the south, and Redwood Street (formerly German Street) on the north. Several members of the Vestry owned a great deal of undeveloped property in this area.</p><br>
<p>Church member Samuel Smythe purchased 2.8 acres (11,000 m²) of land from the heirs of Alexander Robinson, whose house is found on the 1802 "Hanna and Warner" map of Baltimore, directly across German Street from the Smythe purchase. The land was subsequently bought by the Church. Many of the parishioners immediately bought grave lots and began construction of vaults and plots.</p><br>
<p>When Martin Luther King Jr Boulevard was constructed, during the mid-1980s, one end of this cemetery was lost on the west side and the remains and markers were moved within the remaining walled cemetery that now sits surrounded by the University of Maryland, Baltimore campus.</p><br>
<h2>Persons of note interred</h2><br>
<p>George Armistead (April 10, 1780 - April 25, 1818) - Brevet lieutenant colonel, USA Army; commander of Fort McHenry at the Battle of Baltimore during the War of 1812</p><br>
<p>Lewis Armistead (February 18, 1817 - July 5, 1863) - Confederate brigadier general during the Civil War; nephew of George Armistead. Wounded during Pickett&#39;s Charge at Gettysburg, died two days later.</p><br>
<p>James Carroll (December 2, 1791 - January 16, 1873 - US Congressman. Elected to represent Maryland&#39;s 4th District in the United States House of Representatives, serving from 1839 to 1841</p><br>
<p>Samuel Chase (April 17, 1741 - June 19, 1811) - Signer of The Declaration of Independence from Maryland, Former Supreme Court Associate Justice, known as "Old Bacon Face"</p><br>
<p>George Howard (November 21, 1789 - August 2, 1846) - Governor of Maryland (1831-1833)</p><br>
<p>John Eager Howard (June 4, 1752 - October 12, 1827) - Revolutionary War Continental Army Officer, Continental Congressman, Governor of Maryland (1788-1791), Senator; father of George Howard</p><br>
<p>Francis Scott Key (August 1, 1779 - January 11, 1843) - Witness to the Battle of Baltimore during the War of 1812; writer of "The Star-Spangled Banner", later the national anthem. Cenotaph; reburied at Mount Olivet Cemetery in Frederick, Maryland, 1866</p><br>
<p>Alexander Reinagle (1756–1809) - composer, known as the "Master of Music"</p><br>
<p>Parry Sound is a sound or bay of Georgian Bay on lake Huron, in Ontario, Canada. It is highly irregularly shaped with many deep bays and islands. Killbear Provincial Park is located on the large peninsula that separates the sound from Georgian Bay, while it is bordered on the south side by Parry Island, home of the Wasauksing First Nation. At the head of the sound is the namesake town that is the largest community on the shores of Georgian Bay from Severn Sound to Manitoulin Island.</p><br>
<p>The following entities are named after this geographic feature:</p><br>
<p>Parry Sound District</p><br>
<p>Parry Sound, town and seat of Parry Sound District</p><br>
<p>Parry Sound, Unorganized, Centre Part, Ontario</p><br>
<p>Parry Sound, Unorganized, North East Part, Ontario</p><br>
<p>Electoral districts</p><br>
<p>Parry Sound (electoral district), the federal electoral district from 1904 to 1949</p><br>
<p>Parry Sound—Muskoka, the current federal electoral district</p><br>
<p>Parry Sound—Muskoka (provincial electoral district), the current provincial electoral district</p><br>
<p>Mount Banahaw  is an active volcano on Luzon in the Philippines. The three-peaked volcano complex is located between the provinces of Laguna and Quezon and is the tallest mountain in the CALABARZON region dominating the landscape for miles around.</p><br>
<p>The mountain is considered by many as a "Holy mountain" and is popular among pilgrims along with mountain climbers. It is located in a protected area known as Mounts Banahaw–San Cristobal Protected Landscape covering 10,901 hectare of land.</p><br>
<h2>Physical characteristics</h2><br>
<p>The andesitic Banahaw volcano complex is composed of several mountains with Mount Banahaw, the largest with a maximum elevation of 2,170 m above mean sea level. The summit is topped by a 1.5 x and 210 m deep crater that is breached on the southern rim believed to have been caused by the 1730 eruption. Prior to 1730, a lake occupied the summit crater of Mount Banahaw. The resulting flood destroyed the town of Sariaya, Quezon located below the mountain.</p><br>
<p>Other peaks:</p><br>
<p>Maars: Lake Dagatan and Lake Ticab</p><br>
<p>Thermal Areas:</p><br>
<h2>Importance to locals</h2><br>
<p>Banahaw is a traditional pilgrimage site for locals, believed by many as a "Holy mountain", a spiritually-charged location. The mountain and its environs are considered sacred by local residents; the water from its sacred springs are deemed "holy water" for allegedly having beneficial qualities, issuing forth from locations called "puestos" or "holy sites". These sites are unique natural features composed not only of springs, but also caves, streams and boulders; with names with biblical allusions, and shrines erected in, on or around them. These locations were allegedly revealed to a man named Agripino Lontoc by the "Santong Boses" or the "Holy Voices", which also gave the names to these places way back during the Spanish Colonial Era. Another one of this mountain is the adjacent Mount Banahaw de Lucbán.</p><br>
<h2>Hiking activity on Banahaw</h2><br>
<p>The mountain is popular not only to pilgrims but also among mountain climbers being the closest over 2,000 m mountain from Manila. Hiking activity peaks during Holy Week each year, with climbers numbering to the thousands. At least four trails exist from Dolores, Sariaya, and other towns of Quezon located on its foothills. The most frequently used trails are the Cristalino and Tatlong Tangke, taking an average of 9 and 5 hours, respectively. These two trails originate from Barangay Kinabuhayan in Dolores, and meet near the summit, which is actually the rim of the Banahaw caldera. On the summit are viewpoints, labeled as Durungawan I, II, and III, which are the usual destination for pilgrims and hikers. Other points of interest include the "Kuweba ng Diyos Ama" (Tagalog: Cave of God the Father) and the spring at Brgy. Kinabuhayan, said to have curative powers.</p><br>
<h3>Pollution</h3><br>
<p>Due to incessant climbing activity the mountain trails have become littered with trash. In March 2004, the Department of Environment and Natural Resources ordered a 5-year suspension of hiking activity in the mountains, covering the Dolores and Sariaya trails. Reopening was delayed was then scheduled to March 2012, but was further extended to February 2015.</p><br>
<h2>Endemic fauna</h2><br>
<p>Frogs endemic to Mount Banahaw include Platymantis banahao, Platymantis indeprensus, Platymantis montanus, Platymantis naomii, and Platymantis pseudodorsalis.</p><br>
<p>The Norman Lindsay Gallery and Museum is based in Faulconbridge in the Blue Mountains, Australia. The property is a stone cottage on a 17 hectare block of land known as Springwood which was originally owned by the Australian artist and writer Norman Lindsay. The property also contains some smaller buildings including two used as an oil painting studio and an etching studio.</p><br>
<h2>History and description</h2><br>
<p>The house and surrounding land was first purchased by Lindsay and his wife, Rose, in 1913 for 500 pounds from Francis Foy who built the property in 1900 as a half-way house. The estate was repaired and transformed over the years by Lindsay, adding classical colonnades, fountains, paths and sculptures. In the late 1950s Lindsay began converting his house into a gallery to accompany all his paintings, drawings, etchings, woodcuts and ship models made throughout his life. In 1967 he approached the National Trust of Australia with the idea they acquire the property to be used as a gallery.</p><br>
<p>Lindsay remained living on the property until his death in 1969, aged 91. The oil painting studio has been preserved as it was at the time of his death with unfinished oils and materials. The property was purchased by the National Trust in December 1970 for A$50,000. In 1994 the property was used to film the movie Sirens.</p><br>
<p>Currently, Norman Lindsays house and property is a popular tourist attraction in the Blue Mountains, not only for the art work on display but also for the beautiful gardens and bushwalk. Also on the property is Lindsays Cafe, attached to Norman Lindsay&#39;s old etching studio.</p><br>
<p>Oleni  is a village and a former municipality in Elis, West Greece, Greece.</p><br>
<p>Since the 2011 local government reform it is part of the municipality Pyrgos, of which it is a municipal unit. The municipal unit has an area of 152.231 km. The seat of the municipality was in Karatoula.</p><br>
<p>The municipal unit was named after the ruined medieval town Olena, which also gave its name to the Bishopric of Olena. It consists of a wide valley around Karatoula and Magoula, and the hills west and east of the valley. It is located about 10 km northeast of Pyrgos, 13 km northwest of Olympia and 20 km southeast of Amaliada. The largest community is Goumero. The ancient town Amphidolis was located near present Karatoula.</p><br>
<h2>Subdivisions</h2><br>
<p>The municipal unit Oleni is subdivided into the following communities (constituent villages in brackets):</p><br>
<p>Agia Anna</p><br>
<p>Arvaniti</p><br>
<p>Charia</p><br>
<p>Cheimadio</p><br>
<p>Goumero</p><br>
<p>Karatoula (Karatoula, Kleidereika, Marmara)</p><br>
<p>Karya (Karya, Varvarina, Sitochori)</p><br>
<p>Klindia</p><br>
<p>Koutsochera</p><br>
<p>Lanthi (Lanthi, Moni Kremastis)</p><br>
<p>Latzoi (Latzoi, Agios Georgios, Almyriki, Grammatikos)</p><br>
<p>Magoula (Magoula, Katsomaliareika)</p><br>
<p>Mouzaki</p><br>
<p>Oleni</p><br>
<p>Pefki</p><br>
<p>Sopi</p><br>
<h2>Historical population</h2><br>
<p>Muhu , is an island in the Baltic Sea. With an area of 198 km&sup2; it is the third largest island belonging to Estonia, after Saaremaa and Hiiumaa.</p><br>
<p>Together with neighbouring smaller islands of Kesselaid, Viirelaid, Võilaid and Suurlaid it forms Muhu Parish (Muhu vald), the rural municipality within Saare County. The municipality has a population of 1,697 (as of 19 April 2010) and covers an area of 206.12 km&sup2;. The population density is 8.8 PD/sqkm.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>The most important villages in Muhu are Kuivastu, Liiva (where the school can be found) and Koguva. In Pädaste, an internationally renowned luxury hotel and spa operates in the restored manor house.</p><br>
<p>The island is divided from mainland Estonia by the Suur Strait (Moonsund) and from Saaremaa by the Väike Strait. It is linked by ferry to Virtsu in the mainland, and to Saaremaa by a causeway, the Väinatamm. In winter an ice road connects the island to the mainland.</p><br>
<p>In January 1227, an army of the Livonian Brothers of the Sword with Letts, Germans of Riga and native Livonians (20,000 men commanded by William of Modena) crossed on sea ice from the mainland and attacked the island of Saaremaa to reduce the last holdout of pagan Estonians. The Estonians surrendered on Muhu at a circular stronghold called Mona, the earthworks of which are still preserved near the causeway between the islands. This ended the Estonian Crusade.</p><br>
<p>The Battle of Karuse or Battle on the Ice was fought on 16 February 1270 between the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and the Livonian Order on the frozen Baltic Sea between the Muhu Island and the mainland. The Lithuanians achieved a decisive victory. The battle, named after the Karuse village, was the fifth-largest defeat of the Livonian or Teutonic Orders in the 13th century.</p><br>
<p>The same waters saw the Battle of Moon Sound in September–October 1917 between Russian and German naval forces.</p><br>
<p>Muhu is also famous for having the only still-working traditional windmills in Estonia.</p><br>
<p>Muhu is the home of Estonia&#39;s first wine tourism farm – Luscher & Matiesen Muhu Winehouse.</p><br>
<h2>Villages of Muhu Parish</h2><br>
<p>Aljava - Hellamaa - Igaküla - Kallaste - Kantsi - Kapi - Kesse - Koguva - Kuivastu - Külasema - Laheküla - Lalli - Leeskopa - Lehtmetsa - Lepiku - Levalõpme - Liiva - Linnuse - Lõetsa - Mäla - Mõega - Mõisaküla - Nautse - Nõmmküla - Nurme - Oina - Pädaste - Päelda - Paenase - Pallasmaa - Pärase - Piiri - Põitse - Raegma - Rannaküla - Rässa - Raugi - Rebaski - Ridasi - Rinsi - Rootsivere - Simiste - Soonda - Suuremõisa - Tamse - Tupenurme - Tusti - Vahtraste - Vanamõisa - Viira - Võiküla - Võlla</p><br>
<p>Ginter Park is a suburb neighborhood of Richmond, Virginia built on land owned and developed by Lewis Ginter. The neighborhood&#39;s first well known resident was newspaperman Joseph Bryan, who lived in Laburnum, first built in 1883 and later rebuilt. In 1895, many acres of land north of Richmond were purchased by Ginter in order to develop into neighborhoods. Ginter Park and other neighborhoods were developed from this initial land purchase. In Ginter Park are Union Theological Seminary & Presbyterian School of Christian Education and as well as Pollard Park.</p><br>
<p>Nearby are Children&#39;s Hospital of Richmond, Armstrong High School (Richmond, Virginia),</p><br>
<p>While the borders of North Side are not exact, nearby North Side neighborhoods include Barton Heights, Highland Park, Laburnum Park, Sherwood Park and Bellevue.</p><br>
<p>The Ginter Park Historic District was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1986.</p><br>
<p>Panorama Point is the highest natural point in Nebraska, at an elevation of 5,429 ft above sea level.</p><br>
<p>It is located in southwestern Kimball County, near the point where Nebraska and Wyoming meet on Colorado&#39;s northern boundary. Despite its name and elevation, Panorama Point is not a mountain or a hill; it is merely a low rise on the High Plains. A stone marker, giving the elevation at 5,424 ft, and a guest register are located at the summit of the drive. From the point one can see the nearby state corner marker, and a vast plains landscape with the Rocky Mountains in the western distance. Panorama Point is located on the High Point Bison Ranch, which permits visitors to drive to the site as long as they take care to avoid the ranging bison and pay an entrance fee.</p><br>
<p>Île Saint-Paul  is an island forming part of the French Southern and Antarctic Lands  in the Indian Ocean, with an area of 6 km². The island is located about 85 km southwest of the larger Île Amsterdam, and 3,000 km southeast of Réunion. It is an important breeding site for seabirds. A scientific research cabin on the island is used for scientific or ecological short campaigns, but there is no permanent population. It is under the authority of a senior administrator on Réunion.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>Île Saint-Paul is triangular in shape, and measures no more than 5 km at its widest. It is the top of an active volcano, the volcano last erupted in 1793 (from its SW Flank), and is rocky with steep cliffs on the east side. The thin stretch of rock that used to close off the crater collapsed in 1780, admitting the sea through a 100 m channel; the entrance is only a few meters deep, thus allowing only very small ships or boats to enter the crater. The interior basin, 1 km wide and 50 m deep, is surrounded by steep walls up to 270 m high. There are active thermal springs.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>Early sightings</h3><br>
<p>Île Saint-Paul was first discovered in 1559 by the Portuguese. The island was mapped, described in detail and painted by members of the crew of the Nau São Paulo, among them the Father Manuel Álvares and the chemist Henrique Dias. Álvares and Dias correctly calculated the latitude as 38° South. The ship was commanded by Rui Melo da Câmara and was part of the Portuguese India Armada commanded by Jorge de Sousa. The Nau São Paulo, who also carried women and had sailed from Europe and had scale in Brazil, would be the protagonist of a dramatic and moving story of survival after sinking south of Sumatra.</p><br>
<p>The next confirmed sighting was made by Dutchman Harwick Claesz de Hillegom on 19 April 1618. There were further sightings of the island through the 17th century. One of the first detailed descriptions of it, and possibly the first landing, was made in December 1696 by Willem de Vlamingh.</p><br>
<h3>19th century</h3><br>
<p>During sailing ship days captains would occasionally use the island as a check on their navigation before heading north. Saint-Paul was occasionally visited by explorers, fishermen, and seal hunters in the 18th and 19th centuries, among which was the American sealer General Gates, which called at the island in April 1819. George William Robinson, an American sealer, was left on the island to hunt seals, and stayed there for 23 months until the General Gates returned for him in March 1821. Robinson subsequently returned to Saint-Paul in 1826 to gather sealskin, sailing from Hobart aboard his own vessel, the schooner Hunter.</p><br>
<p>Frances claim to the island dates from 1843, when a group of fishermen from Réunion, interested in setting up a fishery on Saint-Paul, pushed the Governor of Réunion to take possession of both Saint-Paul and Amsterdam Island. This was performed by means of an official decree dated 8 June 1843, and on 1 July, Martin Dupeyrat, commanding the ship LOlympe, landed on Amsterdam Island and then on Saint-Paul on 3 July, and hoisted the tricolor. The only surviving evidence of this claim is an inscribed rock situated on the edge of Saint-Pauls crater lake, inscribed "Pellefournier Emile Mazarin de Noyarez, Grenoble, Canton de Sassenage, Département de lIsère, 1844". All fishery operations were, however, abandoned in 1853, when the French government renounced its possession of the two islands.</p><br>
<p>The first good map of the island was not drawn up until 1857, when the Austrian frigate Novara landed a team which studied the flora, fauna, and geology from November to December.</p><br>
<p>In 1871, a British troop transport, HMS Megaera, was wrecked on the island. Most of the 400 persons on board had to remain upwards of three months before being taken off. A short, impressionistic account of the two French residents encountered by the shipwrecked crew appears in Judith Schalansky&#39;s Atlas of Remote Islands (2010).</p><br>
<p>In September 1874, a French astronomical mission conveyed by the sailing ship La Dive spent just over three months on Saint-Paul to observe the transit of Venus; geologist Charles Vélain took the opportunity to make a significant geological survey of the island.</p><br>
<p>In 1889, Charles Lightoller, who was later to become famous as the Second Officer of the RMS Titanic, was shipwrecked here for eight days when the sailing barque Holt Hill ran aground. He describes the shipwreck and the island in his autobiography, Titanic and Other Ships. Lightoller speculated that pirates may have used the island and their treasure could be buried in its caves.</p><br>
<p>In 1892, the crew of the French sloop Bourdonnais, followed by the ship L&#39;Eure in 1893, took possession of Saint-Paul and Amsterdam Island in the name of the French government.</p><br>
<h3>20th century</h3><br>
<p>In 1928, the Compagnie Générale des Íles Kerguelen recruited René Bossière and several Bretons and Madagascans to establish a spiny lobster cannery on Saint-Paul, "La Langouste Française". In March 1930, at the end of the second season, most of the employees left, but seven of them stayed on the island to guard the installations, supposedly for just a few months. But the promised relief arrived much too late. When the ship finally came, in December 1930, five people had died, mostly from lack of food and scurvy: Paule Brunou (a child born on the island who died two months after her birth), Emmanuel Puloc&#39;h, François Ramamonzi, Victor Brunou, and Pierre Quillivic. Only three survivors were rescued. This event has since come to be known as Les Oubliés de Saint-Paul ("the forgotten ones of St. Paul").</p><br>
<p>A few years later in 1938, the crew of a French fishing boat were stranded on the island. Distress calls sent by the crew over short-wave radio were fortuitously received 11,000 miles away in the United States. The message was relayed to the Navy and the French consul in San Francisco, while 12-year-old Neil Taylor, an amateur radio operator in California, made contact with the stranded crew and assured them that help was on the way.</p><br>
<p>There is a fictionalized description of the island in Robert Stone&#39;s novel Outerbridge Reach (1998).</p><br>
<h2>Environment</h2><br>
<p>The island has a cool oceanic climate and the slopes of the volcano are covered in grass. It is a breeding site for subantarctic fur seals, southern elephant seals and rockhopper penguins. It was also the breeding site for an endemic flightless duck & several kinds of petrel before the introduction of exotic predators and herbivores, including black rats, house mice, European rabbits, pigs and goats during the 19th century or earlier. The pigs and goats have since disappeared or been eradicated. Black rats were eradicated in January 1997 following an aerial drop of 13.5 tonnes of brodifacoum anticoagulant poison baits over the island.</p><br>
<h3>Important Bird Area</h3><br>
<p>The island, with the adjacent islet of Quille Rock, has been identified as an Important Bird Area (IBA) by BirdLife International because it supports several breeding seabirds. The island’s subtropical location gives it an avifauna distinct from that of subantarctic islands and contains several breeding species which are rare in the region. Saint Paul’s seabirds nested mainly on Quille Rock until rat eradication allowed some species, notably Macgillivrays prions (a subspecies of Salvins prion) and great-winged petrels, to recolonise the main island. Other species include a colony of some 9000 pairs of northern rockhopper penguins, about 20 pairs of sooty albatrosses, a few pairs of Indian yellow-nosed albatrosses, and small numbers of Australasian gannets, fairy prions, little and flesh-footed shearwaters, Wilson&#39;s storm petrels and sooty terns.</p><br>
<p>Marble Canyon is the section of the Colorado River canyon in northern Arizona from Lee&#39;s Ferry to the confluence with the Little Colorado River, which marks the beginning of the Grand Canyon.</p><br>
<p>Lee&#39;s Ferry is a common launching point for river runners starting their journey through the Grand Canyon. Marble Canyon is also well known for the Navajo Bridge, where US Highway 89A crosses the Colorado River.</p><br>
<p>Marble Canyon marks the western boundary of the Navajo Nation. In 1975, the former Marble Canyon National Monument, which followed the Colorado River northeast from the Grand Canyon to Lee&#39;s Ferry, was made part of Grand Canyon National Park.</p><br>
<p>The name Marble Canyon is a misnomer because there is no marble there. Although Powell knew this when he named the canyon, he thought the polished limestone looked like marble. In his words, "The limestone of the canyon is often polished, and makes a beautiful marble. Sometimes the rocks are of many colors - white, gray, pink, and purple, with saffron tints"</p><br>
<p>Marble Canyon is the site of one of the last great proposed dam projects on the Colorado, the Marble Canyon Dam. Proposed and investigated in the early 1950s by the United States Bureau of Reclamation, the proposal met substantial opposition, notably from the Sierra Club, when a revived proposal was considered by the state of Arizona as part of the Central Arizona Project from 1965 to 1968. The proposed dam was finally abandoned in 1968. Exploratory holes, which were drilled in the Redwall Limestone of the canyon walls in an early phase of the abortive project, can still be seen at Mile 39.2.</p><br>
<h2>Ecology</h2><br>
<p>Marble Canyon is the only home of the endangered cactus Pediocactus bradyi.</p><br>
<p>The Grampians are a set of prominent hills forming the southeast backdrop of Nelson, New Zealand, reaching 390 m high.</p><br>
<p>Frequented by locals and tourists alike, the Grampians are covered in a myriad of tracks ranging from leisurely strolls to relatively taxing steep inclines.</p><br>
<p>Entry points to this recreational area are from</p><br>
<p>* The top of Collingwood Street</p><br>
<p>* The corner of Van Diemen and Trafalgar streets</p><br>
<p>* Market Road, Bishopdale</p><br>
<p>A TV transmitter at the top of the Grampians is visible from most of Nelson.</p><br>
<p>Several community and volunteer groups are working towards restoring habitats for native birds on the Grampians by reducing the impact of predators, using pest control methods in conjunction with the Brook Waimarama Sanctuary.</p><br>
<h2>Areas of interest</h2><br>
<p>The main track zigzags up to the ridge of the hills, providing access to good views over most of Nelson. A lookout near the top offers views over much of the Nelson region.</p><br>
<p>Foloi  is a village and a former municipality in Elis, West Greece, Greece. Since the 2011 local government reform it is part of the municipality Archaia Olympia, of which it is a municipal unit. The municipal unit has an area of 174.202 km. The seat of the municipality was in the village Lalas, in the southern part of the municipal unit. The village Foloi is situated in the northwestern part. Foloi is situated in a mountainous, sparsely populated area. The Foloi oak forest is located in the municipal unit. Foloi is located about 15 km northeast of Olympia, 30 km east of Pyrgos and 55 km south of Patras. It borders on Arcadia to the east, across the river Erymanthus.</p><br>
<h2>Subdivisions</h2><br>
<p>The municipal unit Foloi is subdivided into the following communities (constituent villages in brackets):</p><br>
<p>Achladini (Achladini, Koutsouroumpas)</p><br>
<p>Doukas (Doukas, Lasdikas)</p><br>
<p>Foloi</p><br>
<p>Koumanis (Koumanis, Ai Giannaki, Kastania)</p><br>
<p>Lalas (Lalas, Pothos)</p><br>
<p>Milies</p><br>
<p>Nemouta (Nemouta, Kampos, Tsaparaiika, Villia)</p><br>
<p>Neraida (Neraida, Kampos)</p><br>
<p>Persaina (Nea Persaina)</p><br>
<h2>Historical population</h2><br>
<p>The Ver is a river in Hertfordshire, England. The river begins in the grounds of Lynch Lodge, Kensworth Lynch on west side of the A5 trunk road and stays on the west side for some half mile or so then crosses through a pipe into the grounds of Markyate Cell, exits the grounds and recrosses the A5 once again piped, through Markyate, exits above ground at the southern end of Markyate and on through Flamstead, Redbourn, St Albans and Park Street, and joins the River Colne at Bricket Wood.</p><br>
<p>The Romans built the city of Verulamium alongside it at a time when it was navigable, expressing their preference for building in valleys rather than on hills.</p><br>
<p>The Ver is a chalk stream, which is partly a seasonal winterbourne north of Redbourn. However, many of its natural features have been compromised as a result of being canalised during the construction of the artificial lakes at Verulamium Park in St Albans in the 1930s (following the archaeological excavations of Verulamium by Sir Mortimer Wheeler and his wife Tessa Wheeler). During the 1960s and 1970s it suffered serious problems as a result of water extraction upstream. Although these abated temporarily after the closure of one of the pumping stations, the upstream part of the river is drying up completely during the summer, and the rest of the river may suffer the same fate within a few years (compare the current situation with the "great flow of water" that was reported to exist in 1885, with a depth of 12 feet at Dolittle Mill on the Redbourn Road ). In 2004 a proposal for remedial work was being developed for the St Albans lakes.</p><br>
<p>The river south of Redbourn has been the site of several watermills down the centuries, mainly for grinding corn but also put to such diverse uses as paper making, fulling cloth, silk spinning and diamond lapping. Eleven mills are known to have existed, of which a number can still be seen today, either as mills (working or otherwise), or converted (for example into private homes or parts of public houses). Particularly worthy of note are:</p><br>
<p>The bridge in St Michaels Street, adjacent to Kingsbury Mill, dates from 1765 and is believed to be the oldest extant bridge in Hertfordshire. According to a contemporary account of the Second Battle of St Albans in 1461, another bridge existed on this site previously (recorded in 1505 as Pons de la Maltemyll - Malt Mill Bridge). It is thought that the Romans had built a bridge here by the 3rd century AD. The ford alongside the current bridge, which is known to have existed for 2,000 years and is traditionally believed to be Albans crossing point on his way to his execution, was substantially restored in 2001 by local residents&#39; associations.</p><br>
<p>Ye Olde Fighting Cocks public house in St Albans, which claims to be the oldest pub in England, was moved in 1539 to the side of the Ver next to the Abbey Mill at the bottom of the Abbey Orchard, and remains in this location today.</p><br>
<p>Disused watercress beds can be seen at various points along the river&#39;s length (most notably in the unspoilt stretch between Redbourn and St Albans): the entire Ver valley was a national centre for the watercress growing industry. The poplar and willow plantations around Pre Mill and the former Pre Hotel on the A5183 (just west of St Albans on the edge of the Gorhambury Estate), which are a significant feature of the landscape, indicate a more modern industry: that of cricket bat manufacturing.</p><br>
<p>Johnson Wax Headquarters is the world headquarters and administration building of S. C. Johnson & Son in Racine, Wisconsin. Designed by American architect Frank Lloyd Wright for the company&#39;s president, Herbert F. "Hib" Johnson, the building was constructed from 1936 to 1939. Also known as the Johnson Wax Administration Building, it and the nearby 14-story Johnson Wax Research Tower  were designated as a National Historic Landmark in 1976 as Administration Building and Research Tower, S.C. Johnson and Son.</p><br>
<h2>Design</h2><br>
<p>The Johnson Wax Headquarters were set in an industrial zone and Wright decided to create a sealed environment lit from above, as he had done with the Larkin Administration Building. The building features Wrights interpretation of the streamlined Art Moderne style popular in the 1930s. In a break with Wrights earlier Prairie School structures, the building features many curvilinear forms and subsequently required over 200 different curved "Cherokee red" bricks to create the sweeping curves of the interior and exterior. The mortar between the bricks is raked in traditional Wright-style to accentuate the horizontality of the building. The warm, reddish hue of the bricks was used in the polished concrete floor slab as well; the white stone trim and white dendriform columns create a subtle yet striking contrast. All of the furniture, manufactured by Steelcase, was designed for the building by Wright and it mirrored many of the building&#39;s unique design features.</p><br>
<p>The entrance is within the structure, penetrating the building on one side with a covered carport on the other. The carport is supported by short versions of the steel-reinforced dendriform (tree-like) concrete columns that appear in the Great Workroom. The low carport ceiling creates a compression of space that later expands when entering the main building where the dendriform columns rise over two stories tall. This rise in height as one enters the administration building creates a release of spatial compression making the space seem much larger than it is. Compression and release of space were concepts that Wright used in many of his designs, including the playroom in his Oak Park Home and Studio, the Unity Temple in Oak Park, Illinois, the Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum in New York City, and many others.</p><br>
<p>Throughout the "Great Workroom," a series of the thin, white dendriform columns rise to spread out at the top, forming a ceiling, the spaces in between the circles are set with skylights made of Pyrex glass tubing. At the corners, where the walls usually meet the ceiling, the glass tubes continue up, over and connect to the skylights creating a clerestory effect and letting in a pleasant soft light. The Great Workroom is the largest expanse of space in the Johnson Wax Building, and it features no internal walls. It was originally intended for the secretaries of the Johnson Wax company, while a mezzanine holds the administrators.</p><br>
<h2>Construction</h2><br>
<p>The construction of the Johnson Wax building created controversies for the architect. In the Great Workroom, the dendriform columns are 9 inches (23 cm) in diameter at the bottom and 18 feet (550 cm) in diameter at the top, on a wide, round platform that Wright termed the "lily pad." This difference in diameter between the bottom and top of the column did not accord with building codes at the time; they deemed the pillar&#39;s dimensions too slender at the base to support the weight. Building inspectors required that a test column be built and loaded with twelve tons of material. The test column, once it was built, was not only tough enough to support the requested weight but Wright insisted that it be loaded with fivefold the weight. It took sixty tons of materials before the "calyx," the part of the column that meets the lily pad, cracked (and even then, only collapsing when the wooden beams supporting the "lily-pad" were removed; crashing the 60 tons of materials to the ground, even damaging a water main 30 feet underground). After this demonstration, a vindicated Wright was given his building permit.</p><br>
<p>Additionally, it was very difficult to properly seal the glass tubing of the clerestories and roof, thus causing leaks. This problem was not solved until the company replaced the top layers of tubes with skylights of angled sheets of fiberglass and specially molded sheets of Plexiglas with painted dark lines to resemble in a trompe loeil the original joints when viewed from the ground. And finally, Wrights chair design for Johnson Wax originally had only three legs, supposedly to encourage better posture (because one would have to keep both feet on the ground at all times to sit in it). However, the chair design proved too unstable, tipping very easily. Herbert Johnson, needing a new chair design, purportedly asked Wright to sit in one of the three-legged chairs and, after Wright fell from the chair, the architect agreed to design new chairs for Johnson Wax with four legs; these chairs, and the other office furniture designed by Wright, are still in use to this day.</p><br>
<p>Despite these problems, Johnson was pleased with the building design and later commissioned the Research Tower and a house from Wright known as Wingspread.</p><br>
<h2>Research Tower</h2><br>
<p>The Research Tower was a later addition to the building, and provides a vertical counterpoint to the horizontal administration building. It is one of only 2 existing high rise buildings by Frank Lloyd Wright. Cantilevered from a giant stack, the towers floor slabs spread out like tree branches, providing for the segmentation of departments vertically. Elevator and stairway channels run up the core of the building. The single reinforced central core, termed by Wright as a tap root, was based on an idea proposed by Wright for the St. Marks Tower in 1929. Wright recycled the tap root foundation in the Price Tower in Bartlesville, Oklahoma in 1952. Freed from peripheral supporting elements, the tower rises gracefully from a garden and three fountain pools that surround its base while a spacious court on three sides provides ample parking for employees.</p><br>
<p>The Research Tower is no longer in use because of the change in fire safety codes (it has one 29-inch wide twisting staircase), although the company is committed to preserving the tower as a symbol of its history. In 2013, an extensive 12-month restoration was completed. The tower was relit on December 21, 2013 to mark the winter solstice, and SCJ announced that it would be opened for public tours for the first time in its history. The research labs shown on the tour have been set up to appear frozen in time, including beakers, scales, centrifuges, archival photographs and letters about the building.</p><br>
<h2>Legacy</h2><br>
<p>The Johnson Wax buildings are on the National Register of Historic Places, and the Administration Building and the Research Tower were each chosen by the American Institute of Architects as two of seventeen buildings by the architect to be retained as examples of his contribution to American culture. In addition, the Administration Building and Research Tower were both designated National Historic Landmarks in 1976.</p><br>
<p>In 2008, the USA National Park Service submitted the Johnson Wax Headquarters and the Research Tower, along with nine other Frank Lloyd Wright properties, to a tentative list for World Heritage Status. The 10 sites have been submitted as one total site. The January 22, 2008 press release from the National Park Service website announcing the nominations states that, "The preparation of a Tentative List is a necessary first step in the process of nominating a site to the World Heritage List."</p><br>
<p>The Aerial Lift Bridge  is a landmark in the port city of Duluth, Minnesota. The span began life in 1905 as the United States first transporter bridge. . In 1929&ndash;30, the span was converted to a vertical lift bridge , and continues to operate today. The bridge was added to the National Register of Historic Places on May 22, 1973. The United States Army Corps of Engineers maintains a nearby maritime museum.</p><br>
<h2>Bridge history</h2><br>
<p>In 1892, a contest was held to find a solution. The winning design came from John Low Waddell, who drew up plans for a high-rise vertical lift bridge. The city of Duluth was eager to build the bridge, which would have been about 130 feet (40 m) wide. However, the War Department objected to the design, and the project was canceled before it could be built. Waddell&#39;s design went on to be built in Chicago, Illinois, as the slightly larger South Halsted Street Bridge (removed in 1932).</p><br>
<p>New plans were later drawn up for a structure that would ferry people from one side to the other. This type of span, which is known variously as an aerial transfer, ferry, or transporter bridge, was first demonstrated in Bilbaos Vizcaya Bridge in 1893 and one in France in 1898. Duluths bridge was inspired by the one in France, though the actual construction is quite different. The architect was a city engineer, Thomas McGilvray.</p><br>
<p>A remodeling was planned that would remove the gondola and incorporate a lifting platform into the structure. The firm finally commissioned with designing the new bridge was the descendant of Waddell&#39;s company. The new design, which closely resembles the 1892 concept, is attributed to C.A.P. Turner. Reconstruction began in 1929.</p><br>
<p>The bridge can be raised to its full height of 135 feet in about a minute, and is raised about 5,000 times per year. The span is about 390 feet (120 meters). As ships pass, there is a customary horn-blowing sequence that is copied back. The bridge&#39;s "horn" is actually made up of two Westinghouse Airbrake locomotive horns. Long-short-long-short means to raise the bridge, and Long-short-short is a friendly salute.</p><br>
<p>Karnaphuli , the largest and most important river in Chittagong and the Chittagong Hill Tracts, is a 667 m wide river in the south-eastern part of Bangladesh. Originating from the Lushai hills in Mizoram, India, it flows 270 km southwest through Chittagong Hill Tracts and Chittagong into the Bay of Bengal. A large hydroelectric power plant using Karnaphuli river was built in the Kaptai region during the 1960s. The mouth of the river hosts Chittagong&#39;s sea port, the main port of Bangladesh.</p><br>
<h2>Chittagong City</h2><br>
<p>Chittagong is situated on the banks of the Karnaphuli River between the Chittagong Hill Tracts and the Bay of Bengal. The city is a noteworthy seaside seaport city and monetary focus in southeastern Bangladesh. The Chittagong Metropolitan Area has a populace of more than 6.5 million, making it the second biggest city in Bangladesh. It is the capital of an eponymous locale and division. A water treatment plant has been set up by Chittagong Port Authority to source water from the Karnaphuli river for its uses. The plant will make the port self-reliant in its water needs.</p><br>
<h2>Transportation</h2><br>
<p>The Government has awarded a contract to build a two lane Karnaphuli tunnel underneath the Karnaphuli river to China Communication Construction Company (CCCC). This will be the first underwater tunnel in Bangladesh. CCCC will receive $706 million for its services with total costs expected to be over $1 billion.</p><br>
<h2>Aquatic life</h2><br>
<p>The river is home to Ganges river dolphin, which is an endangered species. Hilsa used to be common in the river, but have nearly disappeared from the river due to pollution.</p><br>
<h2>Kaptai dam</h2><br>
<p>The Kaptai Dam is the location of the Karnafuli Hydroelectric Power Station, constructed in Kaptai in 1962 and the only hydro-electric power plant in the country. An earth-filled dam on the Karnaphuli River, the Kaptai Dam created the Kaptai Lake, which acts as the water reservoir for the hydropower station. The power plant produces a total of 230 megawatts of electricity.When then east Pakistan built the dam, Indian Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru didn&#39;t object even though it resulted in part of Indian side getting submerged and inflow of more than 40000 refugees.</p><br>
<h2>Pollution</h2><br>
<p>Like many rivers in Bangladesh, Karnaphuli is heavily polluted by agricultural runoff. Reducing the amount of oxygen available and harming aquatic life in the river. In 2015, a train carrying oil crashed over a tributary of the river. The spill caused environmental degradation.</p><br>
<p>Boat on Karnafuli 001.JPGBoat on Karnaphuli River</p><br>
<p>Karnaphuli nodi (2586368687).jpgView of the river</p><br>
<p>Ships at Karnaphuli River (1).jpgShips at Karnaphuli River</p><br>
<p>Karnaphuli River at night (01).jpgPort of Chittagong and Karnaphuli River at night</p><br>
<p>Burgazada, Burgaz Adası, or shortly Burgaz  is the third largest of the Princes&#39; Islands in the Sea of Marmara, near Istanbul, Turkey.</p><br>
<p>It is officially a neighbourhood in the Adalar district of Istanbul. Burgazada is a common setting and even a major theme for writer Sait Faik Abasıyanık, where he also resided. Today, his residence is kept as a museum. In 2003, Burgazada suffered a terrible forest fire, losing 4 square kilometres of its entire woodland.</p><br>
<p>The island consists of a single hill 2 kilometres across. Demetrius I of Macedon, one of the Diadochi (Successors) of Alexander the Great, built a fort (Greek: Pyrgos for fort/tower) here and named it after his father Antigonus I Monophthalmus. The island took this name, but is generally known by the Turks today as simply "Burgaz."</p><br>
<p>Historically, the island has been inhabited chiefly by the Greek minority, whereas in the 20th century, many Jews from Istanbul have settled in Burgazada. In recent years, with the dwindling of minority populations of Turkey, the local population balance has shifted towards that of Istanbul in general.</p><br>
<p>The Burgazada Sanitarium, founded in 1928, is one of the oldest sanitariums in the country.</p><br>
